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文体分类练(五) 说明文之新概念类
Passage 1 (2024 山东淄博一模)
主题:曝光效应 词数:348 难度:★★★☆☆
Would you rather watch a new movie,or an old favorite?Would you rather try a dish
you’ve never had at a restaurant,or stick with something you know you’ll like?Researchers
studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar to the novel.
People didn’t need to experience a reward or positive outcome while around the object
—simply being exposed to the object would be enough to make people like it.To test
this,social psychologist Robert Zajonc had participants read words in a foreign language out
loud and varied how often participants read each word (up to 25 repetitions).Next,after
reading the words,participants were asked to guess at the meaning of each word by filling out
a rating scale (indicating how positive or negative they thought the meaning of the word
was).
He found that participants liked words that they had said more often,while words that
participants hadn’t read at all were rated more negatively,and words that had been read 25
times were rated highest.Just the mere exposure to the word was enough to make participants
like it more.
One place where the mere exposure effect occurs is in advertising.It explains why seeing
the same advertisement multiple times could be more convincing than just seeing it once.Of
course,there’s a caution here:the mere exposure effect doesn’t happen for things we initially
dislike.Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things (including
pictures,sounds,foods,and smells) can be increased with repeated exposure,suggesting that
the mere exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses.Additionally,researchers have
found that the mere exposure effect occurs in studies with human research participants as
well as in studies with non-human animals.
Another key finding from this analysis was that participants eventually started to like
objects less after many repeated exposures.In other words,a smaller number of repeated
exposures will make you like something more——but,if the repeated exposures continue,you
could eventually get tired of it.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了曝光效应,即一种我们会偏好自己熟悉的
事物的心理现象。本文阐述了曝光效应的提出、应用及原理。
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【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
1.What is the key factor in Robert Zajonc’s test?
A.Frequency. B.Preference.
C.Originality.
D.Achievement.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中“To test this,social psychologist Robert Zajonc had
participants read words in a foreign language out loud and varied how often participants read
each word (up to 25 repetitions).”可知,Robert Zajonc 测试的关键因素是频率。
2.Which of the following is an example of the “mere-exposure effect”?
A.We favor an advertisement at the first sight.
B.A student joined in the club because of love.
C.We are more convinced of what we met before.
D.A student read as many English words as possible.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Researchers studying the ‘mere exposure effect’ have
found that we often prefer the familiar to the novel.”可知,C 选项“我们更相信以前遇见
的”是曝光效应的例子。
3.What can we learn about the “mere exposure effect” according to paragraph 4?
A.It is the result of advertising.
B.It has nothing to do with animals.
C.It is true of what we dislike at first.
D.It can be applied to multiple senses.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of
things (including pictures,sounds,foods,and smells) can be increased with repeated
exposure,suggesting that the mere exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses.”可
知,“曝光效应”可以应用于多种感官。
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.More love because of more exposures.
B.The study on the “mere exposure effect”.
C.Better results from the earlier exposures.
D.The application of the “mere exposure effect”.
答案 B
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
解析 主旨大意题。本文介绍了曝光效应,即一种我们会偏好自己熟悉的事物的心理现
象。本文阐述了曝光效应的提出、应用及原理。
Passage 2 (2024 山东菏泽一模)
主题:多力多滋理论 词数:336 难度:★★★★☆
The apparent complexities of the TikTok algorithm(算法) may actually be as simple as a
bag of chips.In a video with more than 700,000 views,creator Celeste Aria laid out her
“Dorito theory”,which she uses to explain the addictive nature of endlessly-scrolling social
media feeds.
Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking about,and Aria’s Roman Empire is
Doritos.In her popular video,she expresses that TikTok scrolling is so addictive because it is
never fully satisfying.Like a Dorito,a scrolling session on the For You Page is most
stimulating during the first few bites.The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start
consuming another one,thus returning to that first-bite feeling.
Essentially,the Dorito theory suggests that activities like eating Doritos,which provide a
quick burst of pleasure but lack lasting satisfaction,can be highly addictive.Aria compared it
to consuming foods that offer deeper satisfaction,like a hearty steak,where the feeling of
fullness and contentment lasts longer.
The theory can apply to a lot of different experiences,but it’s particularly well-suited as
a metaphor for the dopamine(多巴胺) boosts that occur while scrolling through social media
feeds.Dr.Jamie Sorenson,a board-certified psychiatrist,said that the Dorito theory is
consistent with existing ideas regarding addiction.“The more immediate the reward is,the
more likely we are to repeat that behavior,whether it’s eating Doritos or scrolling on social
media.”
Aria may not be a licensed medical professional,but she treats junk food the way any
nutritionist would.“I’d recommend just trying to remove anything that you think falls into the
Dorito category,” she says in her video.
The Dorito theory trend has led to reflections on the nature of addiction and the pursuit
of instant satisfaction in today’s society,resonating(共鸣) with many TikTok users who
recognize similar patterns in their own lives.So,it feels like it’s only a matter of time before
Doritos responds to Aria’s theory.
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Aria 用她提出的多力多滋理论解释
了社交媒体无尽滚动信息流为何具有高度成瘾性,这一理论引起了广大群众的共鸣,已成
为一个热点话题。
5.What do the underlined words “Roman Empire” in paragraph 2 probably refer to?
A.A video.
B.A subject.
C.A country.
D.A snack.
答案 B
解析 词句猜测题。根据画线词前“Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking
about”可推知,Aria 的话题是多力多滋薯片,故B 项“话题”与画线词含义一致。
6.What makes Aria addicted to chips according to the text?
A.Social media.
B.Different flavors.
C.Lasting satisfaction.
D.First-bite feeling.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Like a Dorito,a scrolling session on the For You
Page is most stimulating during the first few bites.The end of the chip or video brings a desire
to start consuming another one,thus returning to that first-bite feeling.”可知,Aria 对薯片上瘾
正是由于这种“第一口”的感觉。
7.How does Aria explain the Dorito theory?
A.By introducing a concept.
B.By conducting an experiment.
C.By making a comparison.
D.By quoting an expert’s words.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“In her popular video,she expresses that TikTok
scrolling is so addictive because it is never fully satisfying.Like a Dorito,a scrolling session
on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites.The end of the chip or
video brings a desire to start consuming another one,thus returning to that first-bite feeling.”
可知,Aria 通过类比的方式阐述了多力多滋理论。
8.What is a suitable title for the text?
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
A.TikTok:an appealing platform
B.Celeste Aria:an insightful discoverer
C.Chips or steaks:a challenging choice
D.The Dorito theory:an ongoing hit online
答案 D
解析 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了Aria 的多力多滋理论,且这一理论引起了广大群众
的共鸣,已成为一个热点话题,故D 项“多力多滋理论:一个网络上持续走红的热点”适
合作为文章的标题。
Passage 3 (2024 浙江温州二模)
主题:宜家效应 词数:321 难度:★★★★★
When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s,American housewives were
doubtful.These mixes,promising easy cake-baking,felt too easy.The manufacturers
discovered that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to
make the housewives happy with their work.The greater sense of effort gained from a little
extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of the cake mix.
This reflects the IKEA effect (宜家效应),which is identified by psychologist Michael
I.Norton and his colleagues,suggesting we place greater value on things we have worked to
create.They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper cranes and
frogs,assemble IKEA boxes,and build sets of Legos.They then asked the builders to bid(出
价) for their creations,and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn’t built
them.The builders consistently outbid the non-builders.
Interestingly,the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully
personalize their creations.While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired,they
loved their imperfectly personalized products all the more.Builders valued their wrinkled
crane-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders.Beauty,it seems,is in the eye of
the builder
.
Today,as cities are suffering from severe housing crises,the IKEA effect can give us
insight into the well-being benefits of a self-building approach to housing
development.Projects like WikiHouse and the “half-a-house” approach pioneered by
Alejandro Aravena’s architecture company Elemental are working to make housing more
affordable and sustainable by making it easier for people to build and personalize their own
homes.
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
“The moment people are involved with their built environment,they have a totally
different relationship to it,” WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained.“When the roof
starts leaking or a door starts creaking,they have the power to fix it themselves.”
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。本文通过讨论宜家效应以及几个实验研究的结果,论
述了人们更加珍视自己亲手创造的东西,并由此引发了对自我建造住房的好处的思考。
9.What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1?
A.A better taste.
B.An easy approach.
C.A detailed recipe.
D.An additional effort.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The manufacturers discovered that requiring the
addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with
their work.The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been
essential to the later success of the cake mix.”可知,额外的努力给顾客带来了蛋糕烘焙的乐
趣。
10.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply?
A.Creations are based on skills.
B.Extra labor increases perceived value.
C.Beauty is found through contrast.
D.Strict management brings good quality.
答案 B
解析 词句猜测题。根据上文内容可知,本段主要讲述额外的劳动会让参与者更喜欢自
己的作品,所以“Beauty,it seems,is in the eye of the builder.”意为“额外的劳动增加了感
知价值”。
11.What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude towards public involvement in housing?
A.Critical.
B.Objective.
C.Doubtful.
D.Supportive.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,Alastair Parvin 认为公众参与住房建设,他们
与环境的关系就完全不同了,所以是持支持的态度。
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12.What’s the purpose of this text?
A.To promote a brand.
B.To make a proposal.
C.To explain a concept.
D.To introduce a study.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。纵观全文,尤其是第二段内容可知,本文主要解释什么是宜家效应
(IKEA effect),所以本文的目的是解释一个概念。
