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考点分类练(五) 推理判断题(3)
Passage 1 (2024 山东聊城一模)
主题:独处 词数:306 难度:★★★☆☆
A few years ago,I walked into Panera and placed my order.As I sat down,I noticed that
at the table next to me,there was an older man with a cap eating his soup alone.At the sight of
this,a feeling of sadness began to wash over me.Why was he eating alone? Was he lonely?
Did he want someone to keep him company?
This wasn’t the first time I’d felt sad when I noticed someone eating alone.I
automatically assume they’re lonely and need someone to be there for them.For some
reason,eating with other people is the norm.Modern society has evolved to the point where
most people eat with others and do almost every activity together.If we need to get lunch
before a class,we’d rather ask around to see if someone will come with us.But is it possible
we just don’t want to appear lonely?
For me,it’s easy to get pressured to have to be around other people when I see everyone
else around me accompanied by a friend almost all the time.So many people are always
around someone else,and that may make people think we always need someone with us to
feel better about ourselves.
But that’s not true.We can enjoy being alone.Not everyone needs to be constantly
surrounded by friends to be happy.And we shouldn’t be afraid to eat alone if that’s what we
want to do.We don’t have to do what everyone else does.
Ultimately,I don’t think I’ll ever not get sad if I see someone eating alone,but I’ll bear in
mind that maybe they just want a break from the world,or that maybe they prefer it that
way.It’s important to realize seeing someone doing something alone doesn’t always mean
they’re lonely.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲的是作者对独处的一些看法。
1.Why does the author mention her experience at Panera a few years ago?
A.To introduce the topic of caring for old people.
B.To start the discussion about people eating alone.
C.To describe a memorable encounter.
D.To illustrate the benefits of eating alone outside.
答案 B
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解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Why was he eating alone? Was he lonely? Did he
want someone to keep him company?”和第二段中的“This wasn’t the first time I’d felt sad
when I noticed someone eating alone.I automatically assume they’re lonely and need
someone to be there for them.”可知,作者提到她几年前在Panera 的经历是为了开始讨论
人们独自吃饭的问题。
2.What does the author think of the norm of eating with other people?
A.It is a good way to avoid awkwardness.
B.It helps maintain social connections.
C.It is common but deserves questioning.
D.It is unreasonable and unacceptable.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“For some reason,eating with other people is the
norm.Modern society has evolved to the point...is it possible we just don’t want to appear
lonely?”可知,作者认为和别人吃饭的这种做法很常见,但值得质疑。
3.How does the author feel when people around her have company but she doesn’t?
A.Uncomfortable.
B.Isolated.
C.Envious.
D.Relaxed.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“For me,it’s easy to get pressured to have to be
around other people when I see everyone else around me accompanied by a friend almost all
the time.”可知,当她周围的人都有人陪伴,而她却没有时,作者感到不舒服。
4.What message does the author want to convey?
A.Social relationships are unnecessary.
B.People need to be alone to recharge.
C.Loneliness is unavoidable in our daily life.
D.Being alone doesn’t equate to loneliness.
答案 D
解析 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“It’s important to realize seeing someone doing
something alone doesn’t always mean they’re lonely.”可知,作者想要传达的信息是独处并
不等于孤独。
Passage 2 (2024 湖南常德一模)
主题:完美主义 词数:351 难度:★★★☆☆
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“So,Mr.Albert,you’ve told us about your strengths but what about your weaknesses?”
It’s a common interview question.To which a classic humblebrag (谦虚自夸) reply is,“Well,I
must admit that I’m a bit of a perfectionist.” After all,what company wouldn’t want to
employ somebody who seeks perfection? But it turns out that there is a profound difference
between high-achievers and perfectionists.In a cruel irony,the perfectionist traits could
actually prevent someone from achieving their full potential.
The roots of perfectionism actually lie in a deep desire to feel perfect.Most often a
perfectionist personality is formed in reaction to some form of childhood trauma.For
example,following her parents’ divorce,a young girl might strive to always be good,to always
be perfect because at some level she believes that it must have been her fault that her parents
separated.So as long as she is perfect,nothing so terrible would happen again.
Given such origins,it appears that the thinking and emotional styles associated with
perfectionism are particularly dangerous to mental health.Think of the harshest and merciless
perfectionists you know.They always,always,always find fault.Their cognitive(认知) styles
include all-or-nothing thinking,where only perfection is seen as an acceptable result;fear of
failure,where a perfectionist is driven by fear rather than pulled by the prospect of success in
their endeavors;defensiveness in the face of constructive criticism.All of these seem to be
linked to a wide range of psychological problems including eating disorders,anxiety and
depression,and even suicide.
Changing this mindset is the key to treating the condition when it becomes a disorder
but it is difficult to achieve.Perfectionists are essentially in an abusive relationship with
themselves.It’s hard enough to withdraw from abusive relationships with others.How much
harder is it when you yourself are the abuser? So perhaps a better answer to the interview
question posed at the start of this article would be,“I used to be a perfectionist but now I’m
well on the road to recovery.”
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了完美主义的特质实际上可能会阻碍
一个人充分发挥自己的潜力,解释了完美主义产生的原因以及对心理造成的危险。
5.Why does the author mention the interview question in paragraph 1?
A.To provide an example.
B.To introduce the topic.
C.To support the argument.
D.To attract readers’ interest.
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答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“After all,what company wouldn’t want to employ
somebody who seeks perfection? But it turns out that there is a profound difference between
high-achievers and perfectionists.In a cruel irony,the perfectionist traits could actually
prevent someone from achieving their full potential.”可知,作者在第一段提到了面试问题是
为了引入话题。
6.Who will most probably become a perfectionist?
A.A high-achiever.
B.A person who always finds fault.
C.An overconfident man.
D.A son of a violent alcoholic father.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Most often a perfectionist personality is formed in
reaction to some form of childhood trauma...nothing so terrible would happen again.”可知,完
美主义常形成于童年创伤,因此暴力酗酒父亲的儿子最有可能成为完美主义者。故选D
项。
7.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A.Perfectionism often has three different types.
B.Perfectionism has a bad effect on physical health.
C.Perfectionism is caused by high personal standard.
D.Perfectionism is a risk factor for psychological disorders.
答案 D
解析 主旨大意题。根据第三段内容可知,第三段主要讲了完美主义是心理障碍的危险
因素。
8.What does the author think of perfectionism?
A.It’s hard for people to get rid of it.
B.It drives people to achieve success.
C.It’s more of a strength than a weakness.
D.It inevitably leads to mental problems.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Changing this mindset is the key to treating the
condition when it becomes a disorder but it is difficult to achieve.”可知,作者认为人们很难
摆脱完美主义。故选A 项。
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Passage 3 (2024 浙江杭州一模)
主题:原谅 词数:340 难度:★★★★☆
Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question,we need to ask a
further question:What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity,people
consider two distinctly different views of humanity.The first view involves dominance and
power.In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness,Droll (1984) made the interesting
claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows.Those who
forgive are against their basic nature,much to their harm.In his opinion,forgivers are
compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others,who might then take advantage
of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation,mutual respect,and even love as the
basis of who we are as humans.Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings,we need
both to receive love from and offer love to others.Without love,our connections with a wide
range of individuals in our lives can fall apart.Even common sense strongly suggests that the
will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions.For example,how well
has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans,forgiveness plays a key role in the
biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of
the outcomes of forgiveness,shown through scientific studies,is the decreasing of hatred and
the restoration of harmony.Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger.At least to the extent the
people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to
make the required adjustments.Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note,when we take a Classical philosophical perspective,that of
Aristotle,we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality.We are not necessarily born
with the capacity to forgive,but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our
ability to forgive.The actuality of forgiving,its actual appropriation in conflict
situations,develops with practice.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“原谅是否违背人类本性”这一主题进行
了深入的探讨和论证,通过对比不同的人类本性观点,分析了“原谅”在个体和社区中的
作用和意义。
9.What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness?
A.People should offer mercy to others.
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B.Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C.Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D.People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“In an early paper on the psychology of
forgiveness...who might then take advantage of them.”可知,Droll 认为宽恕的人违背了他们
的本性,对他们造成了很大的伤害,他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时,也在损害自
己的幸福。
10.What does the example in paragraph 2 illustrate?
A.To forgive is to love.
B.To dominate is to harm.
C.To fight is to grow.
D.To give is to receive.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第二段所举例子上文“Researchers find that to fully grow as
human beings,we need both to receive love from...does not make for harmonious
interactions.”可知,没有爱,我们与他人的联系就会破裂,控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐
的互动;奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制的制度,它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦。
“For example,how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?”以奴隶社会举例,
以反问的方式来阐明试图通过支配和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福,即
控制就是伤害。
11.What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness?
A.Favorable.
B.Reserved.
C.Objective.
D.Skeptical.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段内容可知,作者认为原谅在个体和社区生物学
和心理学完整性中起关键作用,指出原谅能够减少仇恨、恢复和谐,并且能够打破愤怒的
循环。作者还提到原谅可以治愈关系,让人们重新建立联系。这些观点都表明作者对原
谅持支持的态度。
12.What is the message of the last paragraph?
A.Forgiveness is in our nature.
B.Forgiveness grows with time.
C.It takes practice to forgive.
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D.Actuality is based on potentiality.
答案 C
解析 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段内容可知,最后一段主要传达了原谅需要实践的
信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点,指出我们并不是天生就具
备原谅的能力,而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此,原谅并不是一种
自然而然的行为,而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。
