专题19 说明文
第一部分：说明文核心认知
说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，给人以知识的文体，一般包括事物
说明文和事理说明文两类。其中事物类说明文包括物品描写、介绍地点等，要求所写内容重点突出、表
达准确、层次分明、生动形象等。
1. 写作目的：客观、清晰地解释、阐述或介绍某个事物（如图表、现象、流程、概念等），重在传递信
息，而非说服或议论。
2. 核心要素：
· 客观性：避免个人情感和主观臆断，使用客观中立的语言。
· 准确性：数据、事实要准确，描述要清晰。
· 逻辑性：结构层次分明，使用恰当的连接词。
· 简洁性：语言精炼，直击要点。
第二部分：万能写作模板
模板一：图表分析型（适用于柱状图、饼状图、表格、曲线图）
Paragraph 1: 引言 - 概述图表内容
The chart/graph/table provides a clear overview of... (主题) between... and... (时间/范围).
Overall, it can be observed that... (描述最显著的整体趋势或特征).
【译文】：该图表/曲线图/表格清晰地概述了从……到……期间……（主题）的情况。总体来看，可以观
察到……（描述最显著的整体趋势或特征）。
Paragraph 2: 主体 - 描述具体数据与变化 (择重点描述)
Firstly, ... (类别一) accounted for the largest proportion, at ...% / stood at ... (数字). In contrast, ... (类
别二) represented the smallest share, at only ...%.
Secondly, there was a significant/steady/slight increase/decrease in ... (类别三) from ... to ... (具体数据对
比).
Moreover, it is worth noting that ... (指出一个有趣的细节或变化).
写作指导
识
【译文】：
首先，……（类别一）占了最大比例，为……%/达到……（数字）。相比之下，……（类别二）的份额
最小，仅为……%。
其次，……（类别三）从……到……期间出现了显著/稳定/轻微的增长/下降。
此外，值得注意的是……（指出一个有趣的细节或变化）。
Paragraph 3: 总结 - 归纳结论或简要分析
In conclusion, the data clearly indicates that... (总结核心发现). This trend may be attributed to... (简要分
析1-2 个原因，如果题目要求分析). / The information presented offers valuable insights into... (主题).
【译文】：总之，数据清楚地表明……（总结核心发现）。这一趋势可能源于……（简要分析1-2 个原
因）。/ 图表所呈现的信息为了解……（主题）提供了宝贵的见解。
模板二：现象阐述型（适用于介绍某个社会现象、活动、流程或事物）
Paragraph 1: 引言 - 定义或引出现象
In recent years, ... (现象) has become a growing trend/concern in our society.
It refers to... (对现象进行简单定义或描述).
【译文】：近年来，……（现象）已成为我们社会中一个日益增长的趋势/担忧。它指的是……（对现象
进行简单定义或描述）。
Paragraph 2: 主体 - 分析原因/阐述特点/说明流程
【分析原因框架】
Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. To begin with, ... (原因一). Additionally, ... (原因二).
Lastly, ... (原因三) also plays a role.
【阐述特点框架】
There are several distinctive features of ... (事物). Firstly, it is characterized by... (特点一). Secondly, ...
(特点二) is another key aspect. For example, ... (举例). Furthermore, ... (特点三).
【说明流程框架】
The process mainly consists of the following steps. First and foremost, ... (步骤一). Once that is done,
... (步骤二). The next stage involves ... (步骤三). Finally, ... (最终步骤).
【译文】：
· 原因：多种因素导致了这一现象。首先，……（原因一）。此外，……（原因二）。最后，……（原因
三）也起到了一定作用。
· 特点：……（事物）有几个显著特点。首先，它的特点是……（特点一）。其次，……（特点二）是另
一个关键方面。例如，……（举例）。再者，……（特点三）。
· 流程：该流程主要包含以下步骤。首先，……（步骤一）。一旦完成，……（步骤二）。下一阶段涉
及……（步骤三）。最后，……（最终步骤）。
Paragraph 3: 总结 - 影响或展望
In summary, ... (重申现象). While it brings certain benefits like... (简述好处), we should also be aware
of its potential challenges, such as... (简述问题). It is crucial for us to... (提出展望或正确态度).
【译文】：总之，……（重申现象）。虽然它带来了诸如……（简述好处）等好处，但我们也应意识到
其潜在的挑战，例如……（简述问题）。我们有必要……（提出展望或正确态度）。
模板二：万能模板
事物介绍
What I have known about is that __________________.(具体描述某事物)
First of all, __________________ (具体阐述要点一) . What’s more, __________________
(具体阐述要点二). As a college student, __________________ (结合自身描述要点三).
In conclusion, __________________ (做出总结) . Therefore, we should __________________(提
出建议).
问题方法介绍
In recent days, there has been a problem , which is becoming more and more serious.（说明问题
及其现状）
To begin with,__________________. What’ s more, __________________.We should take a
series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, __________________. For another thing,
________. Finally,__________________.（列举解决该问题的方法）
Personally, I believe that __________________/Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is
awaiting us because __________________.（结尾段，归纳信心及理由）
路线方位介绍
Located in the __________________（方位）， _______________(某地）covers an area
of_______________________(面积).
Entering _______________(某地）, you can see a big flower bed in front of you, and
_____________________（建筑一）on your left. Walking on further, you’ll find_____________________（建
筑二）. ______________________（方位介词短语），there is__________（地点二）. Behind it, there
lies__________________（地点二）.
All the buildings are surrounding by trees and flowers. It’s really a beautiful school.
第三部分：核心素材与高分句型库
1. 描述趋势与变化的词汇
· 上升：
· 动词：increase, rise, grow, climb, go up
· 名词：an increase, a rise, a growth
· 短语：experience a sharp increase (经历急剧增长)
· 下降：
· 动词：decrease, decline, fall, drop, go down
· 名词：a decrease, a decline, a fall, a drop
· 短语：witness a steady decline (目睹稳步下降)
· 波动/稳定：
· 动词：fluctuate, remain stable/steady, stay constant
· 名词：fluctuation, stability
· 表示程度：
· 剧烈地：sharply, dramatically, significantly, considerably
· 缓慢地/轻微地：gradually, slowly, slightly, modestly
· 稳定地：steadily, constantly
2. 表示比例与数量的表达
· 占多少比例：account for...%, make up...%, constitute...%, represent...%
· 排名第一/最后：rank first/last, take the top spot, be at the bottom
· 分别是：... and ... respectively.
· 超过/大约：over/more than..., nearly/almost..., approximately/around/about...
3. 高频逻辑连接词
· 并列/递进：Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, Additionally
· 对比：In contrast, On the contrary, However, While/Whereas...
· 因果：Therefore, As a result, Consequently, Thus
· 举例：For example, For instance, Such as, Like
· 总结：In conclusion, To sum up, In summary, Overall
第四部分：高分亮句 & 升级技巧
1. 开头句升级：
· 平淡：This graph is about...
· 高分：The bar chart above illustrates the changes in... over the period from... to... (上方的柱状图阐明
了从……到……期间……的变化。)
2. 描述数据升级：
· 平淡：It went up a lot.
· 高分：The figure witnessed a dramatic surge, jumping from 10% to 50% in just five years. (该数字经
历了急剧上升，在短短五年内从10%跃升至50%。)
3. 引出原因升级：
· 平淡：There are two reasons.
· 高分：A multitude of factors may have contributed to this phenomenon, with the following three being
the most significant. (多种因素可能导致了这一现象，其中以下三点最为重要。)
4. 总结句升级：
· 平淡：That's all.
· 高分：From the analysis above, we can safely draw the conclusion that... (从以上分析，我们可以有把
握地得出结论……)
温馨提示：
1. 审题定模板：拿到题目先判断是图表型还是现象阐述型，然后套用对应模板。
2. 数据抓大放小：图表作文不要求描述所有数据，抓住最大、最小、变化最显著的点。
3. 时态要准确：图表反映过去情况用一般过去时；无明确时间或用现在时描述普遍现象。
4. 保持客观：多用被动语态和客观句式（It can be seen that... / The data shows...）。
【2025 年全国I 卷】假定你是李华，你班英语报要增设一个栏目。外教 Jenny 提出“Fun at
my school”和“Guess who I am”两个选项供大家选择。请给Jenny 写一封邮件，内容包括：
(1)你的选择；
(2)说明理由。
注意：
(1)写作词数应为80 个左右；
(2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Jenny,
I really like the idea of adding a new column to our English newspaper.
Yours,
Li Hua
答案：
Dear Jenny,
I really like the idea of adding a new column to our English newspaper. Thank you for the great
suggestions! After careful thought, I strongly support the "Fun at my school" option.
My main reason is its closeness to our daily lives. We all experience funny moments in class, during
breaks, or at school events. Writing about them feels natural and encourages more students to participate.
Secondly, sharing these lighthearted stories can strengthen our bonds. Reading about shared laughter and
experiences will definitely make our newspaper more enjoyable and relatable for everyone.
I believe this column will be a wonderful addition. Thanks again for your efforts!
Yours,
Li Hua
范文解析：
结构清晰：
理由1: closeness to our daily lives (贴近性)。展开: We all experience... (普遍性) -> Writing about them feels
natural... (易于参与的结果)。
理由2: sharing these lighthearted stories can strengthen our bonds (增进情谊/共鸣)。展开: Reading about
shared laughter... (积极影响 - 更吸引人、更有共鸣)。
开头 (第1 句后): 感谢建议 + 清晰表明选择 (I strongly support the "Fun at my school" option.)。
主体 (第2、3 句):
结尾 (第4 句): 表达积极预期 (wonderful addition) + 再次感谢 (Thanks again)，简洁有力。
理由充分且相关：
两个理由 (贴近生活 和 分享快乐增进联系) 都紧扣 Fun at my school 栏目的核心特点。
每个理由后都有一句简单的解释或说明其好处，使理由更丰满、更有说服力。
语言亮点：
明确表达选择：strongly support。
连接词清晰：My main reason is..., Secondly,。
关键词准确：closeness to our daily lives, encourage participation, lighthearted stories, strengthen our
bonds, enjoyable and relatable。
句式变化：有简单句也有复合句。
得体礼貌：Thank you for..., Thanks again。
符合格式： 正确使用了题目提供的开头句、结尾署名和邮件格式。
你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以“我的爱好”为题，写一篇短文参赛，内容包括；
1. 你的爱好；
2. 该爱好给你带来的好处；
注意: 1. 写作词数应为100 左右；
2. 短文题目已为你写好。
答案：
My hobby
When it comes to hobbies, different people have different hobbies. For example, some like reading, some are
fond of dancing and some are crazy about collecting. My hobby is reading, which brings me plenty of benefits.
To begin with, reading increases my knowledge and broadens my horizon. Through reading, I can gain different
kinds of knowledge about people, places and history without going out. Secondly, reading can help me relax.
When I am tired or feel upset, reading is always a good way to lift my spirits and make me feel energetic again.
Last but not least, reading can teach me different kinds of skills. I always turn to books to learn how to cook, how
to write, how to communicate with others and so on.
I have benefited a lot from reading. Reading is my favourite hobby and has become a part of my life.
你校正在组织英语作文比赛。要求根据以下构思图提示，写一篇说明文介绍你校的植物园：
参考词汇∶植物园 botanical garden
注意: 1. 写作词数应为100 左右；
2. 短文题目已为你写好。
答案：
The botanical garden of our school
There is a charming botanical garden in our school, which attracts the attention of every student
and teacher.
Located at the south-west corner of our school, the botanical garden covers an area of
approximately 1000 square meters. With a long history of over 20 years , it was rebuilt in 2008. When
walking through the garden, you can see various kinds of beautiful flowers, trees and herbs (药草). If
you’re planning to explore the garden, you’d better set aside at least one hour to visit it.
Not only does the garden make our school more beautiful but also it is a fantastic place for
students to study and learn more about plants or simply to relax for a while. We all adore and cherish
this botanical garden.
你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以“我最喜欢的书”为题写一篇短文参赛，内容包括；
1. 书的简介；
2. 喜欢这本书的理由。
注意: 1. 写作词数应为100 左右；
2. 短文题目已为你写好。
答案：
My Favorite Book
I have read lots of books so far. The one that attracts me most is The Old Man and the Sea.
It was written by Hemingway, an American writer. It tells us a story of the fight between an old
seasoned fisherman and a big fish and sharks. It was this book that won Hemingway the Nobel Prize
for Literature.
This book praises the old man’s determination and encourages us to persist in achieving greater
success. Our life is like a long journey, which is full of endless difficulties and obstacles. Sometimes
they will prevent us from getting what we want. Only those who have no fear of everything and never
give up can win the long battle. It’s the meaning that makes me like this book most.
