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【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
文体分类练(六) 议论文
Passage 1 (2024 福建漳州三模)
主题:气候变化对体型的影响 词数:321
难度:★★★☆☆
The climate crisis may lead the human race to shrink in size,as mammals with smaller
frames appear better able to deal with rising global temperatures,a leading fossil expert has
said.
Professor Steve Brusatte,a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh,suggested that
the way in which other mammals have previously responded to periods of climate change
could offer an insight into humans’ future.He compared the potential problem of people as
similar to that of early horses,which became smaller in body size as temperatures rose around
55 million years ago.
Writing in The Rise and Reign of the Mammals,Brusatte notes that animals in warmer
parts of the world today are often smaller than those in colder areas,an ecological principle
known as Bergmann’s rule.“The reasons are not entirely understood,but it is probably,in
part,because smaller animals have a higher surface area relative to their volume than bigger
animals and can thus improve the dissipation of the extra heat,” he writes.
Brusatte said that becoming smaller was “a common way that mammals deal with
climate change”.He added,“That’s not to say every species of mammal would get smaller,but
it seems to be a common survival trick of mammals when temperatures rise pretty
quickly.That does raise the question:If temperatures do rise really quickly,might humans get
smaller?And I think that’s certainly reasonable.”
However,not all experts agree that rising temperature causes mammals to
shrink.Professor Adrian Lister,of the Natural History Museum in London,said the
relationship shown by the recent human remains study is weak.“We are not really controlled
by natural selection,” he said.“If that was going to happen,you’d need to find large people
dying before they could reproduce because of climate warming.That is not happening in
today’s world.We wear clothes,and we have got heating,just as we have got air conditioning
if it is too hot.”
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了气候变化对哺乳动物尤其是人类的体型
的影响。
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【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
1.How do mammals cope with climate change according to Brusatte?
A.Moving to colder regions.
B.Reducing their body size.
C.Losing their weight.
D.Adapting their diet.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段“The climate crisis may lead the human race to shrink in
size,as mammals with smaller frames appear better able to deal with rising global
temperatures,a leading fossil expert has said.”及第四段中“Brusatte said that becoming
smaller was ‘a common way that mammals deal with climate change’.”可知,根据Brusatte 的
说法,哺乳动物减小体型来应对气候变化。
2.What does the underlined word “dissipation” in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Exchange.
B.Formation.
C.Absorption.
D.Emission.
答案 D
解析 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Writing in The Rise and Reign of the
Mammals,Brusatte notes that animals in warmer parts of the world today are often smaller
than those in colder areas,an ecological principle known as Bergmann’s rule.”和画线词所在
句中“The reasons are not entirely understood,but it is probably,in part,because smaller
animals have a higher surface area relative to their volume than bigger animals”可知,体型较
小的动物比体型较大的动物更容易散热,从而推知画线单词意思是“散发”。
3.What is Adrian Lister’s attitude towards the recent study?
A.Worried.
B.Objective.
C.Skeptical.
D.Approving.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However,not all experts agree that rising
temperature causes mammals to shrink.Professor Adrian Lister,of the Natural History
Museum in London,said the relationship shown by the recent human remains study is weak.”
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【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
以及“That is not happening in today’s world.”等内容可知,Adrian Lister 对最近的研究持
怀疑态度。
4.What is the best title of this text?
A.The Threat of Climate Change to Human Survival
B.The Impact of Climate Change on Mammal Body Sizes
C.The Evolutionary Trends in Mammal Body Sizes
D.The Adaptive Strategies of Mammals to Climate Change
答案 B
解析 主旨大意题。本文探讨了气候变化对哺乳动物尤其是人类的体型的影响。B 项
“气候变化对哺乳动物体型的影响”符合主题。
Passage 2 (2024 广东韶关二模)
主题:对生活的看法 词数:314
难度:★★★☆☆
Is life a story or a game?Answers may vary from one to another.Over the course of
life,we find things to love and commit to—a job,a partner or a community.At times,we
struggle to learn from our misfortunes to grow in wisdom,kindness and grace.
Will Storr,a writer whose work I admire,says this story version of life is a
misunderstanding.In his book The Status Game,he argues that human beings are deeply
driven by status.Rather than about being liked or accepted,he writes,it’s about being better
than others.“When people are obedient to us,offer respect,admiration or praise,that’s status.It
feels good.”
Life is a series of games,he adds.There’s the high school game of competing to be the
popular kid.The lawyer game to make partner.The finance game to make the most money.The
academic game for fame.The sports game to show that our team is the best.Even when we are
trying to do good,Storr claims,we’re playing the “virtue game” to show we are morally
superior to others.
I think Storr is in danger of becoming one of those guys who ignore the noble desires of
the human heart and the caring element in every friendship and family.The status-mad world
that Storr describes is so loveless.In fact,gaming as a way of life is immature.Maturity means
rising above the shallow desire—for status—that doesn’t really nourish us.It’s about
cultivating the higher desires:the love of truth and learning;the inner pleasure the craftsman
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【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
gets in his work,which is not about popularity,and the desire for a good and meaningful life
that inspires people to practise daily acts of generosity.
How do people gradually learn to cultivate these higher motivations?To answer that,I’d
have to tell you a story.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。生活是一个故事还是一场游戏?作家Will Storr 认为
生活就是一系列的游戏,人类深受地位的驱使,作者指出这种生活态度是不成熟的,成熟
意味着追求更高的愿望。
5.What lies in the core of Will Storr’s opinion about life?
A.The pride in one’s virtue.
B.The pursuit of superiority.
C.The desire for acceptance.
D.The motivation by wealth.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In his book The Status Game,he argues that human
beings are deeply driven by status.Rather than about being liked or accepted,he writes,it’s
about being better than others.‘When people are obedient to us,offer respect,admiration or
praise,that’s status.It feels good.’”可知,Will Storr 作品的核心在于追求更高的地位,要比别
人更好,B 项“追求卓越”符合题意。
6.What can be viewed as higher motivations in the text?
A.Love and inspiration.
B.Maturity and desire.
C.Commitment and kindness.
D.Friendship and popularity.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the course of life,we find things to love and
commit to—a job,a partner or a community.At times,we struggle to learn from our
misfortunes to grow in wisdom,kindness and grace.”和第四段中“It’s about cultivating the
higher desires:the love of truth and learning;the inner pleasure the craftsman gets in his
work,which is not about popularity,and the desire for a good and meaningful life that inspires
people to practise daily acts of generosity.”可知,C 项“承诺和善良”可以被视为更高的动
机。
7.What’s the main purpose of the passage?
A.To correct an attitude.
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【www.xue-ba.org 12 年学霸网】
B.To compare two values.
C.To explain two arguments.
D.To criticize a viewpoint.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。文章首句“Is life a story or a game?”提出问题:生活是一个故事还是
一场游戏?接着提到了作家Will Storr 对此问题的回答,Will Storr 认为生活就是一系列的
游戏,人类深受地位的驱使,接着作者提到这种生活态度是不成熟的,故本文的目的是纠
正一种态度。
8.What story do you think the author will tell next?
A.A king’s-comeback story.
B.A rags-to-riches story.
C.A Yuan Longping-style story.
D.An overnight-success story.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“It’s about cultivating the higher desires:the love
of truth and learning;the inner pleasure the craftsman gets in his work,which is not about
popularity,and the desire for a good and meaningful life that inspires people to practise daily
acts of generosity.”和最后一段“How do people gradually learn to cultivate these higher
motivations?To answer that,I’d have to tell you a story.”可知,更高的愿望是对真理和学习
的热爱和对美好而有意义的生活的渴望,作者接下来要讲述如何培养这些更高动机,C 项
“一个袁隆平式的故事”符合更高动机的内涵。
Passage 3 (2024 河北邯郸三模)
主题:善意的谎言 词数:349 难度:★★★★★
“Individuals of all ages who have empathy(共情) understand that sometimes telling little
white lies can protect other people from getting hurt,” says Barbara Greenberg,a clinical
psychologist in Connecticut.“Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies
because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial.A white
lie,”she explains,“spares people from unnecessary hurt.”
At the same time,Dr.Julia Breur,a marriage and family therapist in Florida,emphasizes
the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone.The fact is that not
telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you;it’s not just about the person the
white lie is being told to.For example,she says someone who always tells others that “all is
good” when it comes to a sick parent in an effort to avoid discussions about how serious their
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health issue really is,can eventually face stressful experiences.When that parent eventually
passes away,the person who always gave an “all is good” response ends up emotionally
broken.
Sometimes,telling white lies often depends on the situation,Dr.Breur says.For
example,consider a woman who has not seen her mother for several months.The daughter has
gained noticeable weight,yet the mother responds by excitedly declaring that she looks
great.“I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients that context helps define
meaning,” Dr.Breur says.“So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great
when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight,it can be acceptable.It reflects the
intention of the white lie which is kindness,protection and unconditional
love.Otherwise,white lies—especially when told to avoid personal accountability—can start a
cycle of mistrust between people,ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds.
Therefore,it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the
honest truth,and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response.More often
than not,it’s about finding a balance between the two.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要
的伤害,但有时候,善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此,重要的是要问问自己,什么时
候说实话是合适的,什么时候不合适,什么时候最好退一步,做出更微妙的回应,要在两者
之间找到平衡。
9.What can be learned about white lies according to Barbara Greenberg?
A.They are short-lived.
B.They are unidentifiable.
C.They are trouble-making.
D.They are common.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“‘Most people that I have come across tell these
little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not
beneficial.A white lie,’she explains,‘spares people from unnecessary hurt.’”可知,根据芭芭
拉·格林伯格的说法,善意的谎言很常见。
10.What message does Dr.Breur deliver in paragraph 2?
A.White lies can harm both the liars and the listeners.
B.We must respond to our family members truthfully.
C.It’s wrong to tell white lies to a seriously ill parent.
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D.The “all is good” response is effective in dealing with patients.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“At the same time,Dr.Julia Breur,a marriage and
family therapist in Florida,emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we
respond to someone.The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on
you;it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to.”可知,善意的谎言给说谎者和
听者都会带来伤害。
11.What is Dr.Breur’s attitude towards the mother’s practice in paragraph 3?
A.Uncaring.
B.Critical.
C.Supportive.
D.Doubtful.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“‘I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with
my patients that context helps define meaning,’ Dr.Breur says.‘So when we look at the
context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained
weight,it can be acceptable.It reflects the intention of the white lie which is
kindness,protection and unconditional love.Otherwise,white lies—especially when told to
avoid personal accountability—can start a cycle of mistrust between people,ultimately
compromising integrity,’ she adds.”可知,Breur 博士对第三段中母亲的做法持支持态度,她
认为它反映了善意谎言的意图,即善意、保护和无条件的爱。
12.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.East or West,White Lies Are the Best
B.Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies
C.White Lies Signify Unconditional Love
D.White Lies Are Empathetic People’s Favorable Choice
答案 B
解析 主旨大意题。通读全文,本文主要讲了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害,
但有时候,善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此,在说善意的谎言之前要三思。B 项
“Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies”最能概括本文主旨,适合作为标题。
