2027 年高考英语一轮复习能力突破（结构化知识+题型提升
练）
专题01 名词
目录
第一部分 必备知识结构化清单
梳理必备的语言知识点，夯实语言基础能力
第二部分 必备能力题型强化练
必备知识与能力提升练，提升语言运用能力
◇Part 01 必备知识结构化清单
一、名词基本概念
名词是表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念、物质名称的词，是句子主要成分（主语、宾语、表语、定语
等）。
二、名词分类
大类
子类
含义
例词
例句
专有名词
/
特指独一无二的人、地
点、机构、节日、人
名，首字母必须大写
China,
Tom,
Beijing,
Christmas
Tom lives in Beijing.
（汤姆住在北京。）
普通名词
个体名词（可数名
词）
表示单个的人/事物，可
直接计数
student, book,
tree
This is a new book.（这
是一本新书。）
集体名词（可数/不
可数名词）
表示一群人/一类事物的
总称
family,
class,
team
Our class is big.（我们
班人数很多。）
物质名词（不可数名
词）
表示无法分割、无法直
接计数的物质/材料
water,
rice,
bread, wood
I drink water every day.
（我每天喝水。）
抽象名词（不可数名
词）
表示情感、品质、状
态、动作等抽象概念
happiness, time,
courage
Happiness is important.
（快乐很重要。）
注意：集体名词单复数含义不同：强调整体用单数，强调成员用复数。部分名词可可数/不可数转换，含义
改变。
例：My family is a big one.（整体，单数）
My family are watching TV.（家人，复数）
三、名词单复数变化（高考核心考点）
（一）规则变化
单数结尾
变化规则
单数
复数
例句
一般情况
直接加 -s
book, pen
books, pens
There are two pens.
s / x / ch / sh
加 -es
bus, box, watch
buses, boxes, watches
Three boxes are on the
desk.
辅音字母 + o
多数加 -es
tomato, potato
tomatoes, potatoes
I like tomatoes.
元音字母 + o
直接加 -s
radio, zoo
radios, zoos
Many radios are old.
辅音字母 + y
变 y 为 i，加
-es
city, baby
cities, babies
Babies love toys.
f / fe
变 f/fe 为 v，
加 -es
knife, leaf
knives, leaves
Leaves turn yellow in
autumn.
特例（f/fe 直接加 s）：roof→roofs, belief→beliefs
（二）不规则变化（高频必背）
1.单复数同形
deer（鹿）、sheep（绵羊）、fish（鱼）、Chinese（中国人）、Japanese（日本人）
例句：One sheep, two sheep.（一只羊，两只羊。）
2.内部元音变化
man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth
例句：Two women are doctors.（两位女士是医生。）
3.词尾特殊变化
child→children mouse→mice
例句：The children are playing.（孩子们在玩耍。）
（三）特殊考点：不可数名词量化
不可数名词不能直接加 a/an 或变复数，需搭配量词短语：
结构：数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词
a cup of tea 一杯茶 → two cups of tea 两杯茶
a piece of bread 一片面包 → three pieces of bread 三片面包
例句：I want two pieces of bread.（我想要两片面包。）
四、名词所有格（表“所属关系”，高考单选/语法填空必考）
1. 's 所有格（主要用于有生命名词）
情况
变化规则
例词
例句
单数名词
词尾加 's
Tom's bag 汤姆的包
This is Tom's bag.
不以s 结尾的复数
词尾加 's
children's room 孩子们的房
It's the children's room.
名词
间
以s 结尾的复数名
词
词尾只加 '
students' books 学生们的书
These are students' books.
两人共有
只在最后一个名词加
's
Tom and Jack's room （两人
共用一间房）
Tom and Jack's room is tidy.
两人各自拥有
两个名词都加 's
Tom's and Jack's rooms （各
自的房间）
Tom's and Jack's rooms are big.
2. of 所有格（主要用于无生命名词）
结构：名词 + of + 名词
the door of the room 房间的门
例句：The window of the classroom is clean.（教室的窗户很干净。）
3. 双重所有格（特殊结构：a/an/数词 + 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词/'s 所有格）
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
a photo of Tom's 汤姆的一张照片
例句：She is a friend of my sister's.（她是我姐姐的一位朋友。）
五、名词主要句法作用
名词在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语五大成分。
句子成分
用法说明
例句
主语
放在句首，表动作发出者
Dogs are cute.（狗很可爱。）
宾语
放在动词/介词后
I love music.（我喜欢音乐。）
表语
放在 be 动词/系动词后，说明主语
This is a desk.（这是一张桌子。）
定语
名词修饰另一个名词（作定语常用单数）
a school bus 校车
同位语
解释说明前面名词
My sister, Lucy, is a teacher.
▲高频易错点：
①名词作定语一般用单数：shoe shop（鞋店）、book store（书店）
特例：sports meeting（运动会）、clothes shop（服装店）固定用复数
②抽象名词具体化：抽象名词前加 a/an，表“一件/一种……的人/事”
例：a success 一件成功的事 / 一位成功者
◇Part 02 必备能力题型强化练
一、阅读理解
1
Sleeping five more minutes, exercising 1.9 more minutes, and eating healthier each day could add a year to
your life. This isn’t just wishful thinking — it’s the conclusion of a new study led by researchers from Australia and
the UK.
“We always think that we need to make massive adjustments,” Nicholas Koemel, who led the study, told the
magazine Scientific American. But small changes add up to make something meaningful.
For about eight years, the team followed 59,078 people in the UK. All participants provided information
about their lifestyles and health, and some wore wristwatches that tracked their sleep and activity levels.
Researchers evaluated everyone’s diet using a scoring system ranging from 0 to 100 across 10 categories, with
higher scores indicating healthier diets. For example, eating at least three servings of fruit per day earned the
maximum 10 points in the fruit category. Based on these data, researchers estimated approximate changes in
lifespan using scientific modeling, NBC News reported.
The results showed that people who sleep 5.5 hours per night, exercise 7.3 minutes per day and have a diet
quality score of 36.9 could theoretically live a year longer with just five additional minutes of sleep, 1.9 minutes of
vigorous (剧烈的) or moderate exercise and half an extra serving of vegetables each day. If improving all three
areas is too challenging, either 25 extra minutes of sleep per night or an additional 2.3 minutes of exercise per day
can also help.
Professor Kevin McConway from the Open University in the UK argued that the study didn’t clearly
describe its statistical methods. This makes it difficult to determine whether the findings are due to the data itself or
the researchers’ choice of analyses. Koemel told NBC News that the message here should not necessarily be that
making these small changes is a magic solution. Instead, it’s about taking the first step towards creating sustainable
and achievable opportunities for more people.
1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．People tend to think that big changes are needed to improve health.
B．The study on lifestyle was only conducted by Australian researchers.
C．Small lifestyle changes have been proven to extend people’s lifespan.
D．Nicholas Koemel believes that massive lifestyle adjustments are useless.
2．What can we infer about the diet scoring system from the example of fruit consumption?
A．The system only evaluates fruit intake.
B．Higher scores in the fruit category mean a healthier overall diet.
C．The system sets quantifiable standards for each dietary component.
D．Eating less than three servings of fruit per day results in a score of 0.
3．What is Professor Kevin McConway’s attitude towards the new study?
A．Indifferent and unconcerned.
B．Fully supportive and optimistic.
C．Strongly critical and dismissive.
D．Doubtful and cautiously reserved.
4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
A．A New Study on Lifespan and Lifestyle.
B．How to Improve Your Lifestyle Effectively.
C．The Importance of Sleep, Exercise and Diet.
D．Small Lifestyle Changes Can Prolong Your Life.
2
Composition of E-Waste
Nowadays, e-waste is one of the world’s fastest-growing waste streams. Waste electronics contain harmful
substances like lead and mercury, posing serious environmental and health risks.
However, e-waste also represents a valuable “urban mine”. It holds an estimated 31 million tons of metals,
17 million tons of plastics, and 14 million tons of glass. One ton of circuit boards (电路板) can contain up to 800
times more precious metals than a ton of gold-bearing rocks in the natural mines. Despite this, less than 1% of rare
earth elements are recycled.
Recycled e-waste is a valuable resource for sustainable industries. Its metals, e.g. gold and copper, are reused
in electronics, vehicles, and renewable energy systems. Recovered plastics find new life in durable products, while
glass is processed into building materials. This circular ( 循环的) approach cuts energy use, reduces mining
demand, supporting both the economy and the environment.
The e-waste management market is projected to more than double by 2027. While 81 countries have adopted
Extended Producer Responsibility laws, collection rates still fall behind policy goals.
To improve recycling, governments should strengthen EPR laws, and invest in facilities. Institutions can
promote research and public awareness. Individuals should properly drop off e-waste at collection points, mend
items rather than throw them away, and support brands with strong environmental commitments.
5．What percentage do screens and cables account for in all e-waste compositions?
A．12%.
B．14%.
C．17%.
D．60%.
6．What is a key advantage of e-waste compared to natural mines?
A．It contains more rare elements.
B．It provides more recoverable non-metals.
C．It can be richer in precious metals.
D．It works better as building materials.
7．What is suggested for individuals to help recycle e-waste?
A．Invest in formal recycling facilities.
B．Launch public awareness campaigns.
C．Set clear personal take-back plans.
D．Choose repair over replacement.
二、完形填空
Over 30 years ago, I started to build my dream house in a rural town. It was a 8 process, worsened
by a demanding career that kept me traveling across Asia and the Pacific. 9 work, parenting, and the
house often felt too much for me.
One day I walked into a lighting shop. The shopkeeper wasn’t exactly 10 but, as it was the only
furniture shop around, she won my 11 . I asked her some questions and received only one-or two-word
answers. After 12 some lighting fittings, I was about to leave when she looked me firmly in the eyes and
said, “However 13 your life seems, someone always has it far worse.” Then she went into the back of the
shop.
I was taken aback by her 14 and vividly remember getting into my truck and thinking how 15
and out of line she was. But as I returned home I 16 her words. Then it hit me — she was 17
right.
The shopkeeper wasn’t offering those words with kindness but that is 18 . What she said deeply
impacted my life. She must have seen something in me that 19 her comment, and it helped me 20
the vital truth: perspective (视角) is everything.
I don’t think that woman could have 21 how much I would take her words on board. Years later, I
found myself with two types of cancer. Yet I’ve gone through various treatments, and now I feel 22
simply because I can wake up each morning with the opportunity to enjoy my life as it is.
8．A．lonely
B．stressful
C．gradual
D．regular
9．A．Balancing
B．Integrating
C．Skipping
D．Choosing
10．A．silent
B．serious
C．friendly
D．honest
11．A．business
B．trust
C．admiration
D．approval
12．A．replacing
B．fixing
C．examining
D．purchasing
13．A．plain
B．fruitless
C．tough
D．changeable
14．A．strategy
B．comment
C．complaint
D．advice
15．A．rude
B．selfish
C．strict
D．wise
16．A．believed in
B．reflected on
C．worried about
D．benefited from
17．A．absolutely
B．slightly
C．barely
D．temporarily
18．A．evident
B．meaningless
C．irrelevant
D．typical
19．A．indicated
B．interrupted
C．confirmed
D．motivated
20．A．declare
B．analyze
C．expose
D．realize
21．A．forgotten
B．imagined
C．recorded
D．proved
22．A．calm
B．surprised
C．fortunate
D．confused
三、单项选择
23．Man must evolve for all human ________ a method which rejects revenge, aggression, or retaliation. The
foundation of such a method is love.
A．conflicting
B．conflicted
C．conflict
D．to conflict
24．There are five ________ in the hospital that specialize in children’s diseases.
A．woman doctor B．women doctor
C．woman doctors
D．women doctors
25．Your suggestions are of great _____ to all of us and they are well worth ___________.
A．valuable；to offer
B．valuable；giving
C．value；taking
D．value；to follow
26．She has two ________ on the table.
A．knife
B．knifes
C．knives
D．knifees
27．It’s about ______ from here to our English teacher’s home.
A．twenty-minutes walk
B．twenty minute’s walk
C．twenty-minute’s walk
D．twenty minutes’ walk
28．The new school still needs to purchase ________ to be fully ________.
A．many equipments; equipped
B．many pieces of equipments; equipping
C．much equipment; equipping
D．many pieces of equipment; equipped
29．In time, Tang Yin gained ________ as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
A．liberation
B．reputation
C．expansion
D．emission
30．In the after-class activities, the students had plenty of ____ and gained a lot of practical ____.
A．exercises; experiences
B．practices; experience
C．practice; experience
D．exercise; experiences
31．After he survived ________ the earthquake, Tom became one of the few ________ of the family and his
________ made his old friends very happy.
A．/; survivors; survival
B．in; survivors; survival
C．from; survivors; survival
D．/; survivor; surviving
32．The experiment that he ______ was ______.
A．did; successfully
B．made; successfully
C．carried out; a success
D．set out; a success
33．—Did you easily find his house?
—Yes. Everyone in this city knew him, so we had his house.
A．no difficulties finding
B．not trouble in finding
C．no difficulty to find
D．no difficulty finding
34．Children can grow healthily ________ good ________.
A．under; conditions
B．in; condition
C．on; conditions
D．at; condition
35．Vegetables ________ many kinds of vitamins and many other useful materials. So we must eat them
________.
A．include; everyday
B．contain; everyday
C．including; every day
D．contain; every day
36．To our _____, the boss wasn’t_____at the_____news at all.
A．astonishment; astonish; astonished
B．astonishment; astonished; astonishing
C．astonish; astonished; astonishing
D．astonishment; astonishing; astonished
37．Mobile phone is an effective _______ of communication.
A．meaning
B．means
C．mean
D．meant
38．While most of us are only too ready to ________ others the cold wind of ________, we are somehow reluctant
to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.
A．respond to...conflict
B．apply to ...criticism
C．react to...threat
D．reply to...superiority
39．Will it suit your _________ that we meet at 7.00 o'clock this evening?
A．satisfaction
B．appointment
C．delight
D．convenience
40．In the picture there are many________ and two________.
A．sheep; foxes
B．sheeps; fox
C．sheeps; foxes
D．sheep;foxs
41．As senior three students, we had better follow the ________as much as possible from our teachers and parents;
although they are a bit nagging（唠叨）, indeed we are expected to make _________ in all aspects.
A．advice; progress
B．advices; progress
C．advices; progresses
D．advice;
progresses
42．The winner will receive ________ of books.
A．a ten pound worth
B．ten pound worthy
C．ten pounds' worth
D．ten pounds'
worthy
43．In a small wooded valley ________ two towns, both set in beautiful ________.
A．lies; surrounding
B．lie; surroundings
C．lay; surrounding
D．did lie; surroundings
44．The curious girl looked at the box________ and then she opened it out of __________ .
A．curious, curious
B．curiously, curiosity
C．curiously, curious
D．curiosity, curiously
45．The scientist and volunteers are working together to save a species of birds from _____ by replicating its
natural habit.
A．contact
B．infection
C．alternative
D．extinction
46．The local clubs are making every ______ to interest more young people.
A．effect
B．effort
C．contribution
D．exchange
47．—Are all the students from in your class?
—No, there are only three in our class. The others are from other countries.
A．Germany; Germen
B．Germany; Germans C．German; Germans
D．German;
Germany
48．—She got her first science fiction published. It turned out to be________.
—When was that?
—It was in 2008________ she was still in college.
A．a success; when
B．success; that
C．success; when
D．a success; that
49．It is bad _______ to talk with your finger ______ at the other person.
A．manners, pointsB．manner, to point
C．manners, pointing
D．manner, pointed
50．Olympic athletes bring joy to people across the world with their____________ to push the boundaries of
human achievement.
A．intelligence
B．influences
C．impression
D．attempts
51．Residents in the remote area have _______ about what the disease is all about, not to mention prevention and
treatment.
A．a little knowledge
B．little knowledge
C．few knowledges
D．a few knowledges
52．—Whose umbrella is it？
—It’s _________.
A．somebody else’s
B．somebody else
C．somebody’s else’s
D．Somebody’s else
53．Scientists have sounded a clear note of ________ regarding the technique’s high cost and ethical concerns.
A．enthusiasm
B．optimism
C．indication
D．caution
54． the increasingly urgent environmental problems, the government announced a series of new policies aimed
at reducing carbon and promoting renewable energy.
A．In contrast to; submission
B．In favor of; absorption
C．In terms of; inspections
D．In response to; emissions
55．Courage is not the ________ of fear, but rather the judgement that something else is more important than fear.
A．aspect
B．credit
C．absence
D．extinction
56．The saying criticizes any ________ that fails to identify the root cause and ________ ineffective in solving
underlying issues.
A．recreation; proved
B．consequence; is proved
C．approach; proves
D．commitment; has proven
57．I still remember the ______ where the headmaster awarded me the prize.
A．view
B．scene
C．scenery
D．sight
58．As far as I know, the new museum in our city doesn’t charge for , so anyone can visit it for free.
A．permission
B．admission
C．recognition
D．consideration
59．Peace talks between Kenya’s president and the opposition over the controversial election are dragging on
without any _________.
A．resolution
B．assignment
C．difference
D．procedure
60．Faced with the tough challenge, the team members showed great courage and _________, finally achieving
their goal.
A．reservation
B．conservation
C．perseverance
D．insurance
61．The ancient murals in the Mogao Grottoes stand as a(n) ______ to how the Silk Road brought East and West
together thousands of years ago.
A．witness
B．reaction
C．awareness
D．solution
62．With the development of artificial intelligence, a growing public _____ has emerged about its potential impact
on the job market.
A．curiosity
B．debate
C．fortune
D．harmony
63．The ________ of nature toppling trees and flooding streets.
A．machinery
B．luxury
C．might
D．mass
64．After the stranger helped her carry her heavy suitcase up the stairs, a warm sense of ________ welled up
within her.
A．frustration
B．gratitude
C．curiosity
D．confidence
65．She was impatient in the ________ that time was limited, and that every moment lost could not be recovered.
A．longing
B．knowledge
C．misgiving
D．mood
66．The story of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame reminds us that a person’s worth lies in their inner beauty and
________, rather than their social status or physical appearance.
A．compromise
B．integrity
C．prejudice
D．occupation
67．It is clear that whole world is passing through a social rejuvenation in which a central must be taken by
scientists and technologists.
A．process
B．attention
C．measure
D．part
68．The idea is that some of the most timely and creative come from locals suffering from environmental
dilemmas firsthand.
A．responses
B．reminder
C．appeal
D．issues
69．This common attentiveness, especially that moment of silent eye contact, transformed the encounter into a
dialogue beyond words, changing my understanding of interspecies .
A．recognition
B．cooperation
C．distance
D．connection
70．“What tortured me the most was my children’s ________. I wished they would complain, cry or even go to
the neighbours to ask for food,” said Samiya.
A．bravery
B．innocence
C．generosity
D．silence
71．Needless to say, needles have always been a part of my life. They have been a physical ________ of how I’ve
developed as a person.
A．test
B．copy
C．reminder
D．product
72．A number of ________ ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.
A．instructions
B．descriptions
C．experiments
D．assumptions
73．Now, every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage, we are filled with a sense of
_________, wondering what camping fun and (adventure) we will experience next.
A．relief
B．duty
C．pride
D．excitement
74．These gestures sometimes have the power to change the of one’s life.
A．course
B．reality
C．status
D．value
75．I sit in my apartment today, loving each of the that share our small space.
A．giveaways
B．posts
C．contributions
D．belongings
76．An exemption voucher (免除凭证) will be issued to people who access the city for work, school or medical
care, as well as to people born in Venice and ________ of the region.
A．students
B．workers
C．stewards
D．residents
77．His trust in me is absolute, which is quite a nice feeling, but at the same time gives me a huge sense of
________.
A．relief
B．satisfaction
C．achievement
D．responsibility
四、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式.
Patriotism (爱国主义) can be shown not only in the years of war but also in the years of peace. In today’s
era, our country still needs patriotism 78 (realize) the Chinese Dream. The well-known figures of
patriotism we are familiar with 79 (be) the late scientists Huang Danian and Deng Jiaxian. Patriotism had
been rooted deeply in their bones, for they fulfilled their dreams of rejuvenating ( 复兴) the Chinese nation with
many exceptional 80 (achieve).
The strategic geophysicist Huang Danian, with his particular expertise in deep earth exploration technology,
has helped China take the lead in 81 number of technical fields, whether under the earth’s crust (地壳)
82 in the high sky.
The nuclear physicist Deng Jiaxian, one of the founding fathers of the “Two Bombs and One Satellite”
project, 83 (significant) contributing to China’s cause of national defense. Up to now, their patriotic
deeds and deep affection for the motherland 84 (make) them role models, especially for the young.
Both Huang and Deng are heroes of our time, 85 tremendous contributions originate from their
hard work and patriotic feelings. With the passion 86 (pass) down to us, we should resolutely follow the
path paved by them and draw inspiration 87 their noble spirit, shouldering the mission of realizing
national rejuvenation.
