08 人与自然之宇宙探索
Passage 1
（23-24高三上·广东·阶段练习）Chinese scientists have discovered a new water reservoir
on the moon in the form of glass beads (珠子), which could have major significance for finding
out the water content of the earth’s only natural satellite and potentially extracting them to support
future lunar missions.
A study published in the journal Nature Geoscience last week revealed soil samples
collected by China’s Chang’e-5 lunar probe contained impact glass beads that held water in the
form of hydroxyl——a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom.
Hydroxyl ion (离子) is one of the most common ions found in water.
These glass beads are created when meteoroids (流星体) hit the moon’s surface, throwing up
hot molten droplets which then cool and turn solid. They function like a sponge, soaking up
hydrogen atoms carried by the solar wind to form hydroxyl, thus playing an important role in the
water cycle of the lunar surface.
While each bead only holds a tiny amount of water, these glass balls can be seen everywhere
on the moon and researchers estimated lunar soils could store as much as 270 billion metric tons
of water. For decades, scientists thought the moon was bone dry until discoveries in recent years
revealed its soil could hold water. “The moon potentially holding 270 billion metric tons of water
is quite substantial, though it pales in comparison to the amount of water in the earth’s oceans,”
said Hu Sen, a researcher from the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy
of Sciences and one of the key scientists behind the study.
These findings not only provide insight on the origins, storage, and transportation of water on
celestial bodies without atmospheres, but they also may prove helpful for planning and building a
sustainable human habitat on these planets, he added.
However, the specific origins of the water on the lunar surface remain a mystery. The study
presented several potential sources, including solar wind implantation, the release of trapped gas
when the moon was hot and volcanically active, and delivery by comets and asteroids.
1．What is the use of the glass beads?
A．Absorbing water. B．Drying water.C．Creating water. D．Recycling water.
2．What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
A．The moon was a dry place for decades.
B．The moon holds as much water as the earth does.
C．Scientists discovered the moon could store water.
D．The amount of water on the moon is comparatively large.
3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Trapped gas should be released.
B．Further research needs to be done.
C．Water sources have been identified.
D．Solar wind was implanted on the moon.
4．What can be the best title of the text?
A．Future Habitat for Humans: the Moon.
B．New Discovery: Glass Beads on the Moon.
C．New Findings: Water on the Lunar Surface.
D．Future Missions: China’s Chang’e Lunar Probes.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述中国科学家在月球上发现了水存在的证据。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段末句“They function like a sponge, soaking up hydrogen atoms
carried by the solar wind to form hydroxyl, thus playing an important role in the water cycle of the
lunar surface. (它们的功能就像海绵一样，吸收太阳风携带的氢原子形成羟基，因此在月球
表面的水循环中起着重要作用。)”可知，月球上的“玻璃珠”的功能是吸住水分。故选
A。
2．主旨大意题。根据第四段首句“While each bead only holds a tiny amount of water, these
glass balls can be seen everywhere on the moon and researchers estimated lunar soils could store
as much as 270 billion metric tons of water. (虽然每个“玻璃球”只含有少量的水，但这些
“玻璃球”在月球上随处可见，研究人员估计月球土壤可以储存多达2700亿吨的水。)”以
及末句“ “The moon potentially holding 270 billion metric tons of water is quite substantial,
though it pales in comparison to the amount of water in the earth’s oceans,” said Hu Sen, a
researcher from the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences andone of the key scientists behind the study. (中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所研究员、该研究
背后的主要科学家之一胡森表示：“月球可能拥有2700亿吨水，这是相当可观的，尽管与
地球海洋中的水量相比相形见绌。”)”可知，本段主要说明月球中含水量相对来说还是比
较大。故选D。
3． 推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“However, the specific origins of the water on the lunar
surface remain a mystery. (然而，月球表面水的具体来源仍然是一个谜。)”可知，科学家还
要做进一步的研究找到水的来源。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chinese scientists have discovered a new water reservoir on the
moon in the form of glass beads (珠子), which could have major significance for finding out the
water content of the earth’s only natural satellite and potentially extracting them to support future
lunar missions. (中国科学家在月球上发现了一个以“玻璃珠”形式存在的新水库，这对于
探测地球唯一的天然卫星的水含量具有重要意义，并有可能提取水以支持未来的月球任
务。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲在月球上发现了水。因此C项“新发现：月球表面有水”可
以作为本文的最佳标题。故选C。
Passage 2
（20-21高三下·安徽·阶段练习）Chinese President Xi Jinping announced on July 31 that
China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been completed and has started providing
full-scale global services that day.
In the 1990s, Chinese government approved and began research and development of a space-
based navigation and positioning system aimed at easing the country's heavy dependence on
foreign networks. The system is called "BeiDou". It has planned a three-step strategy for
developing the BDS.
The construction of BDS-1, the first step of the strategy, started in 1994 and was completed
in 2000. The BDS-2 system started construction in 2004. By 2012,a total of 14 satellites had been
launched to complete the deployment(部署)．In November 2017, China launched the first two
satellites for the BDS-3 system, which started construction in 2009, and officially expanded its
regional navigation system into a global network.
In late June, the final satellite to complete BeiDou's third-generation network was lifted by a
Long March 3B carrier rocket. After in-orbit tests over the past month, the satellite recently startedits formal operations.
Since 2000, 59 BeiDou satellites, including the first four experimental ones, have been
launched from Xichang on 44 Long March 3-series rockets, with some of them having retired.
BeiDou began providing services for civilian users in China and other parts of the Asia-
Pacific region in December 2012. At the end of 2018, it started providing basic global services.
BeiDou offers accurate positioning, navigation and timing, as well as short messaging
communication. The services are used in various fields.
It offers an alternative to Russia's GLONASS and the European Union's Galileo system, as
well as the United States' GPS.
The operating of BeiDou's full-scale global services is a significant milestone in China's
efforts to boost science and technology and strengthen its space industry. The move is a major
contribution to the global public-service infrastructure (基础设施) as well as a remarkable
strategic achievement of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.
5．How many navigation systems are mentioned in this passage?
A．2. B．3 C．4 D．5
6．Which is NOT the function of the BDS?
A．Offering accurate timing.
B．Offering vehicle navigation.
C．Offering accurate positions.
D．Offering cell phone communication.
7．What do we know about the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)?
A．In the BDS, there are 59 satellites in service.
B．The BDS will replace GPS in the near future.
C．The BDS is a great contribution to the whole world.
D．It took China more than 30 years to construct the BDS.
8．What's the best title for the passage?
A．The best Navigation Satellite System-BeiDou.
B．One small step for China, a giant leap for mankind.
C．China's BeiDou System begins its full-scale global services.
D．The development of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System.【答案】5．C 6．D 7．C 8．C
【分析】本文是科技类说明文，主要介绍了中国在太空高新技术上的伟大成就：北斗卫星
导航系统。内容包括北斗导航系统的组建完成、主要功能和重大意义。
5．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It offers an alternative to Russia’s GLONASS and the
European Union’s Galileo system, as well as the United States’ GPS. ” (它(北斗导航系统)为俄罗
斯的GLONASS、欧盟的伽利略系统以及美国的GPS提供了另一种选择。)可知，除北斗导
航系统外还有俄国的 GLONASS、欧洲的 Galileo system 和美国的 GPS。所以本文共提到
4个导航系统，故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据第六段“At the end of 2018, it started providing basic global services.
BeiDou offers accurate positioning, navigation and timing, as well as short messaging
communication.” （2018年底，开始提供基本的全球服务。北斗提供精确定位、导航和授
时，以及短消息通信。）可知，北斗导航系统提供精确定位、导航和授时，以及短消息通
信，但没有提及手机通讯服务。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“ The move is a major contribution to the global public-
service infrastructure (基础设施) as well as a remarkable strategic achievement of socialism with
Chinese characteristics in the new era. ” （此举是对全球公共服务基础设施的一个主要的贡献
以及中国特色社会主义新时代的一个非凡的战略成就。）可知，北斗系统是对整个世界的
巨大贡献。故选C项。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been
completed and has started providing full-scale global services that day.” （中国的北斗卫星导航
系统(BDS)已于当日完工，并开始提供全面的全球服务。）及此后全文可知，本文主要介
绍中国北斗导航系统组建完成并开始提供全球服务。C项 “中国北斗导航系统开始提供全
球服务”可以作为本文标题。故选C项。
Passage 3
（23-24高三上·上海普陀·期末）In recent years, the International Space Field set off a new
round of exploration craze, hoping to further master the space secrets and resources. Countries are
busy developing rockets and satellites, developing manned space technology, formulating plans to
explore the moon and Mars, and conquering space “One step ahead?”.
When engineers develop a spacecraft, they ask a few key questions that guide their process,says David Klaus, a professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder,
who studies risk assessment and human spaceflight. They are, he explains, “What do we want to
do? What does it take to do it? What can go wrong? And what can we do to reduce the chance of
the bad things going wrong?” These questions seem simple enough, but the answers are essential.
When NASA, SpaceX, Blue Origin or anyone else considers sending humans into space, the
vehicle they build must do three things. First, it has to accommodate the crew members by
meeting their basic needs such as oxygen, food and water. Second, it should allow them to
accomplish mission objectives. Lastly, it must protect the people onboard and on the ground from
the risks of spaceflight and reentry. Sometimes meeting one need introduces new risks. The crew
needs to breathe, of course, but it was high-pressure tanks of liquid oxygen that caused an
explosion on Apollo 13, and it was the fuel powering an oxygen generator that sparked a fire
onboard the Mir space station in 1997.
Not only do astronauts float through a near vacuum (真空) filled with radiation, but in low-
Earth orbit, where the International Space Station (ISS) operates, crews have to deal with a
growing cloud of debris (碎片) circling Earth, which are usually from old satellites. The ISS’s
debris protective covering can absorb impacts from particles smaller than half an inch, but
between 1999 and 2022, the station had to fire pushers 32 times to avoid contact with larger
objects. A single hit would be dangerous; at speeds of 17,500 miles per hour, even something the
size of a softball can cause severe damage.
What is the point of looking decades into space and struggling to explore the vastness of the
universe? The development of the space industry has brought humans many benefits, the most
important of which is the spread of information. The cell phone signal and TV signal people use
now are all benefiting from the development of the space industry. The ultimate goal of mankind
is to go deeper into space, and to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and
beyond, and what humanity is eager to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality.
9．Why did the writer mention the explosion on Apollo 13 in Paragraph 3 and the fire onboard
the Mir space station?
A．To explain the high risks of the space industry.
B．To show the disadvantages of the space travel.
C．To prove the unexpected risks of the spaceflight process.D．To describe the new risks involved in meeting the requirements.
10．What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
A．The space environment itself piles on danger.
B．Any misstep on a space mission is fatal.
C．It is very difficult to complete the space mission.
D．Space engineers work hard to clean up space debris.
11．What is the ultimate goal of human exploration of space?
A．More unknown planets and stars. B．Freedom and equality of human beings.
C．More protection against human diseases.D．Space secrets and endless resources.
12．What does the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean?
A．Studying space for countless years. B．Living in space for many years.
C．Exploring space for some ten years. D．Observing space for several ten years.
【答案】9．D 10．A 11．B 12．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了近年来，国际空间领域掀起了新一轮的探索热
潮，希望进一步掌握空间秘密和资源。各国都在忙着研制火箭和卫星，发展载人航天技术，
制定探索月球和火星的计划，“领先一步”征服太空。航天事业的发展给人类带来了许多
好处，其中最重要的是信息的传播。人类的终极目标是向更深的空间发展，探索更多未知
的世界，即月球、火星和更远的地方，人类渴望实现的是一个自由和平等的共同家园。
9．推理判断题。根据第三段“Sometimes meeting one need introduces new risks. The crew
needs to breathe, of course, but it was high-pressure tanks of liquid oxygen that caused an
explosion on Apollo 13, and it was the fuel powering an oxygen generator that sparked a fire
onboard the Mir space station in 1997.(有时满足一种需求会带来新的风险。当然，宇航员需
要呼吸，但导致阿波罗13号爆炸的是高压液氧罐，1997年和平号空间站上发生火灾的也
是氧气发生器的燃料)”可推知，作者在第三段提到阿波罗13号的爆炸和和平号空间站的火
灾是为了描述满足需求所涉及的新风险。故选D。
10．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Not only do astronauts float through a near vacuum (真空)
filled with radiation, but in low-Earth orbit, where the International Space Station (ISS) operates,
crews have to deal with a growing cloud of debris (碎片) circling Earth, which are usually from
old satellites. The ISS’s debris protective covering can absorb impacts from particles smaller than
half an inch, but between 1999 and 2022, the station had to fire pushers 32 times to avoid contactwith larger objects. A single hit would be dangerous; at speeds of 17,500 miles per hour, even
something the size of a softball can cause severe damage.(宇航员不仅要漂浮在充满辐射的近乎
真空的环境中，而且在国际空间站运行的近地轨道上，宇航员还必须处理越来越多的环绕
地球的碎片云，这些碎片通常来自旧卫星。国际空间站的碎片防护覆盖物可以吸收小于半
英寸的颗粒的撞击，但在1999年至2022年期间，空间站不得不发射32次推进器，以避免
与更大的物体接触。一次命中就会很危险；在每小时17500英里的速度下，即使是垒球大
小的东西也会造成严重的伤害)”可知，本段讲述了宇航员在太空，在充满辐射的环境找那
个工作，还要处理越来越多的碎片云，碎片击中空间站是很危险的，因此推动第四段主要
介绍了空间环境本身堆积的危险。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The ultimate goal of mankind is to go deeper into space, and
to explore more unknown worlds, that is, the Moon, Mars and beyond, and what humanity is eager
to achieve is a common home of freedom and equality.(人类的终极目标是向更深的空间发展，
探索更多未知的世界，即月球、火星和更远的地方，人类渴望实现的是一个自由和平等的
共同家园)”可知，人类探索太空的最终目的是实现人类的自由和平等。故选B。
12．词句猜测题。根据划线词组所在句“What is the point of looking decades into space and
struggling to explore the vastness of the universe?(放眼太空数十年，努力探索浩瀚宇宙的意义
何在？)”可知，“放眼太空数十年”的意思是“对太空进行了几十年的观测”。故选D。
Passage 4
（23-24高三上·湖南邵阳·阶段练习）Super images from NASA show the Moon’s south
pole in incredible detail. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) used a
‘ShadowCam’ (影子相机) to try and take high-resolution pictures. Pictures showed “features and
terrain (地形) details that are not visible to LROC”.
Experts at the space organization were interested in the area around the Shackleton Crater
because of suspected ice deposits (沉积). Scientists believe layers of the ice deposits have existed
on the Moon for millions or billions of years. The ice deposits could serve as an important
resource for exploration because they are composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Those gases can be
used for rocket fuel or life support systems. Areas like the Shackleton Crater are at an angle so
parts of it are never exposed to sunlight. If a person were at the moon’s south pole, the Sun would
never rise or set and stay low on the horizon. The South Pole also provides near constantcommunication with Earth.
It comes as a NASA spacecraft will fly by Earth on Sunday. It’s expected to drop off at least a
cupful of rubble (碎石) it grabbed from the asteroid (小行星) Bennu. The sample capsule will
land into Utah desert. Its mother ship, the Osiris-Rex spacecraft, quickly leaves to encounter
another asteroid. Sunday’s landing marks the end of a 4 billion-mile journey that included
reaching the carbon-rich asteroid Bennu. It successfully collected samples, and encountered
challenges such as a jammed lid that led to some spillage in space.
It is hoped that findings from the study will help scientists figure out how to deflect (使偏转)
Bennu. Bennu is set to dangerously strike Earth with the force of 24 atom bombs on September
24, 2182. The space rock, which is as big as Empire State Building, swings close to our planet
every six years. However, the agency says there is a 1 in 2,700 chance it could strike Earth, with
disastrous results.
13．What is the function of the first paragraph?
A．To explain the meaning of LROC． B．To lead to the main topic.
C．To describe the Moon’s south pole. D．To present the importance of ‘ShadowCam’.
14．What do we know from paragraph 2?
A．Ice deposits can be used for exploration.
B．Ice deposits are found in the area around the Shackleton Crater.
C．Sunlight cannot reach the Shackleton Crater.
D．The Shackleton Crater is a popular tourist destination.
15．What is the expected result of the NASA spacecraft that will fly by Earth on Sunday?
A．It will conduct new experiments in space.
B．It will collect more ice deposits from the asteroid Bennu.
C．It will bring back a cup of rubble from the asteroid Bennu.
D．It will test new technology for deep space exploration.
16．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．The asteroid Bennu is rich in carbon.
B．Scientists can make the asteroid Bennu change its direction.
C．There’s a strong possibility of Bennu striking Earth in the future.
D．The asteroid samples brought back by NASA are likely to have scientific research value.【答案】13．B 14．A 15．C 16．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国航天局关于月球南极和小行星“贝努”的研究
突破及其科研价值。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Super images from NASA show the Moon’s south pole
in incredible detail.”（来自美国宇航局的超级图像以令人难以置信的细节展示了月球南
极。）和第三句“Pictures showed “features and terrain (地形) details that are not visible to
LROC”.”（照片显示了“月球勘测轨道飞行器照相机看不到的特征和地形细节”。）并结
合第二段对月球南极的具体描述可知，这些照片展示了月球南极的细节，引出了本文的主
题。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“The ice deposits could serve as an important resource
for exploration because they are composed of hydrogen and oxygen.”（冰层沉积物可以作为勘
探的重要资源，因为它们由氢和氧组成。）可知，冰层沉积物由氢和氧构成，可以作为勘
探的重要资源。故选A项。
15．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“It’s expected to drop off at least a cupful of rubble it
grabbed from the asteroid Bennu.”（预计它将从小行星“贝努”上带回至少一杯碎石。）可
知，美国宇航局的宇宙飞船有望从小行星“贝努”上带回至少一杯碎石。故选C项。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“It is hoped that findings from the study will help
scientists figure out how to deflect Bennu.”（人们希望这项研究的发现能帮助科学家们弄清楚
如何使“贝努”偏转。）可知，该研究可能有助于科学家弄清楚如何使“贝努”偏转，从
而避免撞击地球的可能性，具有科研价值。故选D项。
Passage 5
（23-24高三上·宁夏银川·阶段练习）If asked if space exploration should continue, most
Americans would give an immediate response either in favor of continuing or in favor of ending
space exploration. A common response would be that space exploration is a waste of money. An
average American, uneducated on the subject,might believe that the government is wasting
billions of dollars on the research that has no value.Someone strange to the subject might say that
a space shuttle goes up once in a while and that is about all that happens. Research is ongoing and
continues when there are no shuttles being launched. This also costs the government money. Does
the extreme cost of space exploration make sense?One argument is that the government is wasting money on the research not being used on
Earth. Actually, the money goes to workers and scientists that support National Acronauics and
Space Administration (NASA) missions, and goes to major companies that play important roles in
major sectors of the US economy. Boeing is a partner of NASA for aircraft, the same company
that makes commercial aircraft for the airline industry.
Another benefit to continuing space exploration is the many technologies it provides ides.
The artificial heart resulted from experiments on the space shuttle. The handheld Jaws of Life used
to save victims from car accidents resulted from the system used to separate the space shuttle from
its booster rockets. Insulation (隔热板) in homes that keeps them warm and energy efficient is
based on the technology used to insulate the space shuttle.
There are direct benefits to the economy provided by NASA missions as well as those
technologies. These advances are found in food, building materials, medical procedures and the
vehicles we drive. While it can be proven that billions of dollars that could be used elsewhere is
being spent on space exploration, the benefits it provides outweigh the terrible aspects. As a matter
of fact,the money spent helps to improve the quality of our lives. .
17．How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?
A．By offering analyses. B．By making comparisons.
C．By listing figures. D．By presenting research findings.
18．The function of Jaws of Life is to________.
A．save people from traffic accidents
B．do experiments on the space shuttle
C．keep houses warm and energy efficient
D．separate the space shuttle from its booster rockets
19．In the author’s opinion, space exploration .
A．has changed our life completely B．benefits us in many ways
C．costs too much of our time D．has nothing to do with us
20．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Benefits of space exploration. B．How to make space exploration affordable?
C．Is space exploration worth the cost? D．Missions of the NASA space shuttle
program.【答案】17．A 18．A 19．B 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。很多美国人对政府投入巨资用于太空研究存在疑问，那么这
是否值得呢？本文作者就此问题指出了将钱投入太空研究的诸多好处，如经济航班的使用，
还有太空研究所提供的许多技术，以及带来的经济利益等。
17．推理判断题。根据第二段“One argument is that the government is wasting money on the
research not being used on Earth. Actually, the money goes to workers and scientists that support
National Acronauics and Space Administration (NASA) missions, and goes to major companies
that play important roles in major sectors of the US economy. Boeing is a partner of NASA for
aircraft, the same company that makes commercial aircraft for the airline industry. (一种说法是，
政府是在把钱浪费在没有在地球上使用的研究上。实际上，这些钱流向了支持美国国家航
空航天局（NASA）任务的工人和科学家，流向了在美国经济主要领域发挥重要作用的大
公司。波音公司是美国国家航空航天局的飞机合作伙伴，也是为航空业制造商用飞机的同
一家公司)”可推知，第二段采取的主要写作手法是分析说明。故选A。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The handheld Jaws of Life used to save victims from
car accidents resulted from the system used to separate the space shuttle from its booster rockets.
(手持式救生颚用于拯救车祸中的受害者，这些事故是由用于分离航天飞机及其助推器火箭
的系统造成的)”可知，救生颚的作用是用来拯救出车祸的人。故选A。
19．推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Another benefit to continuing space exploration is the
many technologies it provides ides.(继续进行太空探索的另一个好处是它提供了许多技术)”以
及最后一段“There are direct benefits to the economy provided by NASA missions as well as
those technologies. These advances are found in food, building materials, medical procedures and
the vehicles we drive. While it can be proven that billions of dollars that could be used elsewhere
is being spent on space exploration, the benefits it provides outweigh the terrible aspects. As a
matter of fact, the money spent helps to improve the quality of our lives. (美国国家航空航天局的
任务以及这些技术为经济提供了直接的好处。这些进步存在于食品、建筑材料、医疗程序
和我们驾驶的车辆中。虽然可以证明，数十亿美元本可以用在其他地方的资金正在用于太
空探索，但它带来的好处超过了可怕的方面。事实上，花的钱有助于提高我们的生活质
量)”可推知，作者认为太空探索有很多好处。故选B。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Does the extreme cost of space exploration make
sense?(太空探索的巨大成本有意义吗？)”以及文章最后一句“As a matter of fact, the moneyspent helps to improve the quality of our lives. (事实上，花的钱有助于提高我们的生活质量)”
结合本文主要是在讨论用于太空探索的钱花得值不值这一问题。故C项“是否值得花那么
多钱太空探索？”概括了文章主旨，适合做标题。故选C。
