高考英语时态 — 过去完成时态（主动+被动）（原卷版）
高考考情解读
题型考查分布
在新高考与全国卷体系中，过去完成时是时态体系的核心难点，属于“过去的过去”
语境下的必考语法点，考查频率低于现在完成时，但难度更高，多结合语境辨析设题，贯
穿全题型。
语法填空：高频考查过去完成时的动词过去分词变形、被动语态结构（had been
done）、时态混搭辨析（与一般过去时、过去进行时），多在复合句、语境逻辑较强的句
子中设空，每套试卷考查0–1 空，属于易错难点。
阅读理解：过去完成时多用于叙事类、故事类语篇，强调“某一过去动作之前已经完
成的动作”，明确动作发生的先后顺序；被动语态多用于强调“过去的过去”中动作的承
受者，直接影响长难句逻辑分析和文章脉络理解。
书面表达：主要用于读后续写，侧重衔接过去的两个动作（先发生的用过去完成时，
后发生的用一般过去时），理清叙事逻辑、增强故事连贯性；被动语态的合理使用的能提
升作文严谨度，避免句式单一，贴合“过去动作的先后关系”的叙述需求。
核心考点与高频易错点
核心考点
1. 过去完成时（主动+被动）的基础结构与语境标志；
2. 过去完成时与一般过去时、过去进行时的高频辨析（核心难点）；
3. 过去完成时被动语态的构成、变形规则及句式转换；
4. 过去完成时表“过去的过去”的三大核心用法（动作先后、结果影响、持续状态）；
5. 过去完成时在复合句（状语从句、宾语从句）中的应用（高考高频场景）。
高频易错点
1. 过去完成时与一般过去时语境混淆（未判断出“过去的过去”，单纯用一般过去时表先
后动作）；
2. 过去完成时被动语态漏写been 或had（核心丢分点）；
3. 误将“过去的过去”语境理解为“现在的过去”，误用现在完成时替代过去完成时；
4. 过去分词变形错误，与现在分词、动词原形混淆（同现在完成时，但考查更隐蔽）；
5. 复合句中，主句与从句时态搭配错误（如主句用过去完成时，从句误用现在完成时）。
高考命题趋势分析
1. 命题侧重“语境辨时态”，不再单独考查机械结构，依托叙事类、故事类语篇（读后续
写素材、阅读理解记叙文），重点考查“过去两个动作的先后顺序”判断，弱化单纯结构
记忆。
2. 侧重过去完成时与一般过去时的混搭考查，偶尔结合过去进行时，核心是让考生通过语
境判断“哪个动作先发生、哪个后发生”，强化逻辑分析能力。
3. 被动语态多结合复合句、长难句设题，重点考查had been done 的结构运用，侧重“过去
的过去中，动作被完成后对后续过去动作的影响”。
4. 紧扣读后续写实用导向，注重过去完成时在梳理叙事逻辑、衔接动作先后中的运用，避
免“时态混乱、动作顺序不清”的写作错误，是高分作文的核心得分点之一。
过去完成时态核心精讲
一、基本结构（主动语态）
1. 主语 + had + 动词过去分词（done）（核心：无论主语单复数，均用had，无have/has
变化）
2. 人称搭配：所有主语（I/We/You/They/He/She/It/单复数名词/不可数名词）→ had + done
3. 否定式：主语 + had + not + 动词过去分词；缩写：had not → hadn’t
4. 疑问式：Had + 主语 + 动词过去分词？
二、语境标志（高频必考，核心区分于现在完成时）
过去完成时的核心是“过去的过去”，即动作发生在“另一个过去动作”之前，常搭配以
下语境标志，无需像现在完成时那样依赖明确时间词，重点看“动作先后”：
1. 时间状语从句标志：before + 过去时间/过去从句、by the end of + 过去时间（by the end
of last year、by 2023）、by the time + 过去从句、until + 过去时间；
2. 动作先后标志：先发生的动作（过去完成时）→ 后发生的动作（一般过去时），常用
already、yet、just、ever、never（此时均指“在另一个过去动作之前”）；
3. 语境提示：句子中明确有两个过去动作，且能判断出“一个动作在另一个动作之前完
成”，无需时间词（高考最常考场景）。
三、核心用法（结合高考语境，重中之重）
核心原则：过去完成时 = 过去的过去，即动作发生在“过去的某个时间点或过去的某个
动作”之前，强调“先完成、后发生”的逻辑关系。
1. 表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作（最核心用法，高考语法填空、读后续写高
频），侧重动作的先后顺序，后发生的动作常用一般过去时。
例句1（基础）：When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.（我到达车站时，火
车已经开走了。—— 先开走（过去完成时），后到达（一般过去时））
例句2（高考真题改编）：By the time he was 10, he had learned 1000 English words.（到他
10 岁时，他已经学了1000 个英语单词。—— 先学单词（过去完成时），后到10 岁（一般
过去时））
2. 表示过去某一时间段内，在另一个过去动作之前已经完成的动作（侧重“截止到过去某
一时间，动作已完成”），常搭配by the end of + 过去时间。
例句1（基础）：By the end of last month, we had finished all the exams.（到上个月月底，我
们已经完成了所有考试。—— 截止到上个月月底（过去时间），动作已完成）
例句2（高考真题改编）：She had lived in this city for 5 years before she moved to Beijing.
（在她搬到北京之前，她已经在这座城市住了5 年了。—— 先住5 年（过去完成时），后
搬家（一般过去时））
3. 表示过去某一动作对另一过去动作造成的影响或结果（类似现在完成时，但影响局限于
“过去”），常搭配just、yet、never 等标志词。
例句1（基础）：He hadn’t eaten anything before he went to bed, so he felt hungry at night.（他
睡觉前没吃任何东西，所以晚上觉得饿。—— 过去没吃饭（过去完成时），对过去睡觉后
的状态造成影响）
例句2（高考真题改编）：She had never seen such a beautiful place before she visited Guilin.
（在去桂林之前，她从未见过这么美的地方。—— 过去没见过（过去完成时），对过去参
观时的感受造成影响）
4. 在复合句（宾语从句、状语从句）中，当主句为一般过去时，从句动作发生在主句动作
之前，从句用过去完成时（高考高频场景）。
例句1（宾语从句）：He said he had finished his homework.（他说他已经做完作业了。——
主句said 是过去时，从句“做完作业”发生在said 之前，用过去完成时）
例句2（状语从句）：After she had read the letter, she cried.（她读完信后，哭了。—— 先
读信（过去完成时），后哭（一般过去时），after 引导的从句表先发生的动作）
四、特殊考点（高考易错点，区分于现在完成时）
1. 过去完成时与一般过去时的核心区别（高考最高频辨析，必考点）：
一般过去时：表“过去单纯的动作”，不强调与其他过去动作的先后，只说明动作发生
在过去；
过去完成时：表“过去的过去”，必须有“另一个过去动作”作为参照，强调动作发生
在参照动作之前。
例句对比（高考易错）：
He finished his homework last night.
①
（一般过去时，只说明“昨晚完成作业”，无其他参
照动作）
He had finished his homework before his mother came back last night.
②
（过去完成时，有参
照动作“妈妈回来”，强调“完成作业”在“妈妈回来”之前）
2. 过去完成时与现在完成时的核心区别（高考易错混淆）：
现在完成时：动作发生在“过去”，持续到“现在”或对“现在”有影响（参照点是
“现在”）；
过去完成时：动作发生在“过去的过去”，持续到“过去”或对“过去”有影响（参照点
是“另一个过去动作”）。
例句对比（高考易错）：
He has lived in this city for 5 years.
①
（现在完成时，参照点是“现在”，现在仍住在这儿）
He had lived in this city for 5 years before he moved to Shanghai.
②
（过去完成时，参照点是
“搬到上海”（过去动作），住的动作在搬家之前，现在可能不住在这儿了）
3. 瞬间动词与延续性动词的用法（同现在完成时，高考易错）：
瞬间动词（come、go、leave、buy 等）不能用于过去完成时与for/since（接过去时间）连
用表“持续”，需转化为延续性动词；否定式除外。
例句（正确）：He had been away for 3 days before he came back.（他回来之前，已经离开3
天了。—— away 为延续性状态）
例句（错误）：He had left for 3 days before he came back.（正确转化：He had been away for
3 days before he came back.）
高频转化对照表（同现在完成时，高考必考）：
leave → be away；buy → have；borrow → keep；die → be dead；join → be a member of/be
in；start/begin → be on；finish → be over；come → be here；go → be away
4. 无需用过去完成时的场景（高考易错点，避免过度使用）：
① 当两个过去动作按时间顺序依次发生，且用and、then、first...then...等连接时，两个动
作均用一般过去时（无需强调先后，语境已明确）。
例：He got up, brushed his teeth and went to school.（他起床、刷牙、去上学，动作依次发
生，均用一般过去时）
② 当“过去的过去”语境不明确，且无参照动作时，不用过去完成时，用一般过去时。
五、必考易错点 + 高频丢分点总结
1、核心概念易错（基础丢分重灾区）
混淆“过去的过去”vs“单纯过去动作”
错：He had watched a film last night.（last night 是单纯过去时间，无参照动作，不用过去完
成时）
对：He watched a film last night. / He had watched a film before he went to bed last night.
规避：无参照动作的单纯过去时间（yesterday、last week、in 2023）搭配一般过去时；有
参照动作（before、by the time 等），且动作在参照动作之前，用过去完成时。
混淆“过去完成时”vs“现在完成时”
错：He has finished his homework before his mother came back.（参照动作“came back”是过
去时，动作在其之前，应用过去完成时）
对：He had finished his homework before his mother came back.
混淆“瞬间动词”vs“延续性动词”（与for/since 连用）
错：She had bought this book for 2 years before she lost it.（buy 是瞬间动词，不能与for 连
用）
对：She had had this book for 2 years before she lost it.
例外：瞬间动词的否定式可与for/since（接过去时间）连用，如：I hadn’t seen him for 3
years before I met him yesterday.（我昨天见到他之前，已经三年没见过他了。）
2、过去分词变形「高频丢分点」（同现在完成时，考查更隐蔽）
规则变形（必考）
1. 一般动词，直接加-ed：work→worked、play→played、read→read（发音变化）
2. 以e 结尾，直接加-d：take→taken、write→written、dance→danced
3. 重读闭音节（辅+元+辅），双写末尾辅音字母加-ed：stop→stopped、plan→planned、
fit→fitted
4. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y 为i 加-ed：study→studied、carry→carried、try→tried
易错变形对比（考试高频挖坑）
do→done（不规则） vs work→worked（规则）
take→taken（不规则） vs make→made（不规则）
run→run（不规则，原形=过去式=过去分词） vs walk→walked（规则）
lie→lain（表“躺”，不规则） vs live→lived（规则）
高频不规则过去分词（高考必考，同现在完成时）：see→seen 、eat→eaten 、
drink→drunk、go→gone、come→come、write→written、break→broken、speak→spoken、
forget→forgotten
3、否定 / 疑问句结构易错（考试高频挖坑）
漏写had
错：He not finished his homework before his father came. / They finished their homework
already before class.
对：He had not finished his homework before his father came. / They had finished their
homework already before class.
疑问句语序错误
错：Finished you your homework before you went out? / Had you finished your homework?
对：Had you finished your homework before you went out?（补充参照动作，语境完整）否定
句缩写错误
正确缩写：had not→hadn’t
错：had not→had’t
4、特殊句式 & 固定场景易错
1.by the end of + 过去时间，主句必须用过去完成时（高考高频考点）
By the end of last term, we had learned 2000 new words.
✅
（正确）
By the end of last term, we learned 2000 new words.
❌
（错误，无had）
2. before/after 引导的时间状语从句，动作先后明确时的时态搭配
After she had finished her work, she went home.
✅
（正确，先完成工作，后回家）
She went home after she finished her work.
✅
（正确，after 已明确先后，从句可用一般过去
时，主句用一般过去时）
After she finished her work, she had gone home.
❌
（错误，逻辑颠倒）
3. 宾语从句中，主句为一般过去时，从句动作在主句之前，从句必须用过去完成时
He told me he had seen the film twice.
✅
（正确，“看电影”在“告诉”之前）
He told me he has seen the film twice.
❌
（错误，从句用了现在完成时）
六、过去完成时万能做题步骤
1. 判语境：找到句子中的“两个过去动作”，判断是否存在“过去的过去”（一个动作在
另一个过去动作之前完成）；或看到by the end of + 过去时间、before + 过去从句等标志
词，直接锁定过去完成时。
2. 定had：无论主语单复数，均用had，无需根据主语变化（区别于现在完成时
的have/has）。
3. 变过去分词：根据动词变形规则，正确写出过去分词（重点记忆高考高频不规则分词，
避免变形错误）。
4. 看句式：
否定句：had + not + 过去分词（缩写hadn’t）；
一般疑问句：Had + 主语 + 过去分词？（答语：Yes, 主语 + had. / No, 主语 +
hadn’t.）； 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + had + 主语 + 过去分词？
七、高频考点答题模板
模板1：过去的过去（两个动作先后，先发生用过去完成时）
结构：先发生动作（主语 + had + 过去分词）+ 后发生动作（主语 + 一般过去时）（常
用before、after 连接）
例：She had left before I arrived. / After he had eaten breakfast, he went to school.
模板2：截止到过去某一时间，动作已完成
结构：主语 + had + 过去分词 + by the end of + 过去时间 / by the time + 过去从句
例：We had finished the project by the end of last month. / By the time she was 8, she had learned
to play the piano.
模板3：过去动作对另一过去动作的影响
结构：主语 + had + 过去分词（影响动作），so + 主语 + 一般过去时（结果动作）
例：He hadn’t studied hard, so he failed the exam.
模板4：宾语从句中，主句过去时，从句过去完成时
结构：主句（主语 + 一般过去时）+ that + 从句（主语 + had + 过去分词）
例：She said that she had finished her homework.
模板5：否定 & 疑问万能公式
否定：主语 + hadn’t + 过去分词
例：He hadn’t seen that film before. / They hadn’t arrived by 7 o’clock last night.
疑问：Had + 主语 + 过去分词？
例：Had you finished your work before you left? / Had he lived here for a long time before he
moved?
八、核心避坑复盘
1. 无“过去的过去”语境（无参照动作、无by the end of + 过去时间等标志），绝对不用
过去完成时，用一般过去时。
2. 过去完成时的核心是“先后顺序”，先发生的用had done，后发生的用did，不可颠
倒。
3. 过去完成时被动语态，必须加had 和been（核心坑）：had + been + 过去分词，不可漏
写任何一个。
4. 瞬间动词（buy、leave、die 等）不可与for/since（接过去时间）连用表持续，需转化为
延续性动词；否定式除外。
5. 宾语从句中，主句为一般过去时，从句动作在主句之前，从句必须用过去完成时，不可
用现在完成时。
6. by the end of + 过去时间 → 过去完成时；by the end of + 现在时间 → 现在完成时（高
考易错混淆）。
7. 两个过去动作按顺序发生，用and、then 连接时，均用一般过去时，无需用过去完成
时。
九、过去完成时的被动语态
核心构成
结构：had + been + 过去分词（done）（无论主语单复数，均用had，无变化）
人称搭配：所有主语（I/We/You/They/He/She/It/单复数名词/不可数名词）→ had + been +
done
基本句式
1. 肯定句 主语 + had + been + 过去分词
例：The project had been finished before the manager arrived.（这个项目在经理到达之前就已
经被完成了。）
2. 否定句 主语 + had + not + been + 过去分词（缩写hadn’t been + done）
例：The letter hadn’t been sent by her before she left.（那封信在她离开之前还没有被她寄出
去。）
3. 一般疑问句 Had + 主语 + been + 过去分词？
回答：Yes, 主语 + had./ No, 主语 + hadn’t.
例：Had the room been cleaned before the guests came? — Yes, it had.（客人来之前，房间已
经被打扫了吗？—— 是的。
4. 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词 + had + 主语 + been + 过去分词？
例：What had been done in the lab before the accident happened?（事故发生之前，实验室里做
了什么？）
核心用法
1. 表示“过去的过去”中发生的被动动作，即被动动作发生在另一个过去动作之前，强调
“先被完成、后发生其他动作”。
例：The problem had been solved before we started the meeting.（在我们开始会议之前，问题
就已经被解决了。）
2. 表示截止到过去某一时间，被动动作已经完成，常搭配by the end of + 过去时间、by the
time + 过去从句等标志词。
例：By the end of last year, many new roads had been built in our city.（到去年年底，我们城市
里已经建了很多新道路。）
3. 强调“过去的过去”中，被动动作的承受者，或不知道动作执行者、无需说出执行者时
用被动。
例：The book had been translated into many languages before it became famous.（这本书在出
名之前，就已经被翻译成多种语言了。）
主动变被动 转换规则
1. 主动宾语 → 被动主语
2. 主动谓语（had + done）→ 被动谓语（had + been + done）
3. 主动主语 → 置于by 后（可省略）
4. 时态保持不变（本题限定：过去完成时）
主动：They had finished the project before the deadline.（他们在截止日期前完成了项目。）
被动：The project had been finished (by them) before the deadline.（项目在截止日期前就已经
被（他们）完成了。）
重点补充
1. by 短语用来引出动作执行者，日常表达中常省略（尤其不知道执行者时）。
例：The machine had been repaired (by a worker) before we used it.（这台机器在我们使用之
前就已经被（一名工人）修理好了。）
2. 高频易错（核心丢分点）
① 漏写been 或had：过去完成时被动语态必须同时有had 和been，缺一不可，否则变成一
般过去时被动（was/were + done）。
错：The house had built for 2 years before it was destroyed.（正确：The house had been built
for 2 years before it was destroyed.）
② 过去分词变形错误：被动语态中必须用过去分词，不可用现在分词或动词原形。
错：The letter had been writing by her before she left.（正确：The letter had been written by her
before she left.）
③ 时态搭配错误：被动动作是“过去的过去”，后续的过去动作必须用一般过去时，不可
再用过去完成时。
错：The work had been finished before we had arrived.（正确：The work had been finished
before we arrived.）
单句语法填空限时训练（被动语态专项）
1. The old building ________ (pull) down by the end of last year.
2. The children ________ (take) care of by their teacher before their parents came.
3. A new road ________ (not, build) in our town by the end of 2023.
4. What ________ (do) in the classroom before the teacher arrived?
5. These books ________ (read) by the students before the exam.
6. The problem ________ (discuss) by the experts several times before the meeting started.
7. Our classroom ________ (clean) by us before the guests came.
不用变被动 / 形式不变 特殊情况（同现在完成时）
1. 不及物动词（无宾语），无被动语态，即使表“过去的过去”，也用主动形式。
常见词：happen、take place、break out、appear、rise、fall、occur
例：An accident had happened before we arrived.（不用 had been happened）
例：The sun had risen before we got up.（不用 had been risen）
2. 状态动词（无动作，表状态），无被动语态，不用于过去完成时被动。
常见词：be、belong to、have、like、love、own
例：This book had belonged to me for 3 years before I gave it to him.（不用 had been belonged
to）
3. 主动结构表被动含义（较少见，结合语境）
某些感官动词、物性动词，主语是物，表“过去的过去已经被……”时，可用主动表被动
（多为口语）。
例：The dish had tasted good before it got cold.（= The dish had been tasted good. 口语中常用
主动）
注意：书面语中，仍建议用被动结构（had been tasted），避免出错。
单句语法填空限时训练（主动+被动混合）
1. A big fire ________ (happen) in the forest before the firefighters arrived.
2. The story ________ (not, take) place in our city by the end of last year.
3. This book ________ (belong) to my brother for 2 years before he gave it to me, so it
________ (not, read) by me before that.
4. The music ________ (sound) beautiful, so it ________ (listen) to by many people before the
concert started.
5. What ________ (happen) in the street before we got there?
过去完成时态核心精练
基础版
用所给动词的正确形式填空
1. I ________ (just, finish) my homework when my mother came back.
2. My father ________ (not, work) in this factory for 10 years before he changed his job.
3. She ________ (live) in this city since she was 5 years old before she moved to Shanghai.
4. He ________ (never, see) this film before he watched it last night.
5. ________ you ________ (read) this book before you came to this class? — No, I hadn’t.
6. They ________ (buy) this house for 3 years before they sold it.（提示：buy 转化为延续性
动词）
7. She ________ (always, help) others since she came to our class before she transferred.
8. The flowers ________ (smell) good; someone ________ (water) them before I arrived.
9. We ________ (have) this car for 5 years before it broke down.
10. What ________ (do) your mother ________ (do) before she went to work this morning?
进阶版
一、单句语法填空
1. The moon ________ (not, shine) brightly before the clouds moved away last night.
2. My sister ________ (practice) the piano for 5 years before she took part in the
competition.
3. When I arrived, they ________ (finish) their work, so they ________ (rest) at that time.
4. He ________ (not, run) since last month before he fell ill.
5. Every student ________ (not, study) hard by the end of last week; some were lazy.
6. They asked when the meeting ________ (finish) — It ________ (already, finish) before
they asked.
7. ________ your brother ________ (swim) in the pool since this morning before the rain
started?
8. This pair of shoes ________ (not, fit) me for 2 years before I bought a new pair.
9. Most birds ________ (fly) south before autumn ended.
10. We ________ (work) hard by the time the teacher came; we ________ (finish) half of the
task.
二、语法填空
阅读短文，用括号内动词的适当形式填空
It was 3 o’clock in the afternoon yesterday. Our school 1________ (be) very busy
before that afternoon. Many students 2________ (do) different things before 3 o’clock. Some
students 3________ (read) books in the library since that morning before 3 o’clock. My best
friend Tom 4________ (play) basketball for 2 hours on the playground with his classmates
before I saw him. He 5________ (always, play) basketball well, but he 6________ (not, play)
very well that day before I saw him. Our teacher Miss Li 7________ (talk) with many
students in her office before 3 o’clock. She 8________ (help) students with their English for 3
years before she came to our school. Look! A group of students 9________ (clean) the
classroom. They 10________ (finish) half of the work by 3 o’clock. At that moment, everyone
11________ (be) busy and happy because they 12________ (achieve) a lot before that
afternoon.
过去完成时态过关达标练习
一、 单句语法填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. He ________ (work) in the office for 8 years before he was promoted.
2. My mother ________ (wash) clothes since this morning before I got home.
3. The bird ________ (fly) away for 3 days before it came back.
4. She said she ________ (go) to the library many times before she went to college.
5. Tea ________ (pick) in many southern areas of China by the end of last year.
6. Students ________ (ask) to finish homework before the teacher came.
7. The old books ________ (send) to poor schools by the end of last month.
8. The flowers ________ (look) beautiful; they ________ (water) by the gardener before I saw
them.
9. A new film ________ (show) in the cinema before last week.
10. Workers ________ (make) ________ (work) hard by the boss before the project was finished.
你都答对了吗？恭喜你成功晋级！下一关，解
锁现在完成进行时态吧。
