In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen
scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the
form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the
number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is
not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species
with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and
assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These
observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and
since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to
global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and
his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有
偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant
instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better
global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and
species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile
devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These
data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users
of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To
improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an
expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
1．What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A．They are becoming outdated. B．They are mostly in electronic form.
C．They are limited in number. D．They are used for public exhibition.2．What does Daru’s study focus on?
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications.
3．What has led to the biases according to the study?
A．Mistakes in data analysis. B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C．Improper way of sampling. D．Unreliable data collection devices.
4．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A．Review data from certain areas. B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users. D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
All day, every day, we are hit by images promoting food of every type: television
commercials for pizza, online ads for cheeseburgers, billboards for fried chicken, ad nauseam.
This might evoke our potential appetite to eat, but a new research shows these images, if viewed
often enough, actually satisfy our cravings and diminish (降低) our desire to eat. This discovery
may come as a shock to snack-makers and food manufacturers, who invest heavily in ads that are
supposed to stimulate our hunger.
The research, conducted at Aarhus University in Denmark, examined the different ways our
perceptions of food affect our cravings. More than 1,100 people participated in a series of online
studies led by Tjark Andersen, a Ph.D. candidate at Aarhus’ Department of Food Science. In one
experiment, people were exposed to an online photo of orange M&M candies either three
times or 30 times. Participants who saw the image 30 times had less desire to eat M&Ms than
those who saw only three images of the candies. Additionally, people who saw 30 images stated
they would choose a smaller portion of M&Ms than the group that saw just three images.
“Your appetite is more closely linked with your cognitive perception than most of us think,”
Andersen said in a statement. “How we think about our food is very important. You will receive a
physiological response to something you have only thought about. That’s why we can feel fully
satisfied without eating anything,” he added.
The researchers, who published their results in the Journal Appetite, also looked at how the
food’s color affected desire for it, by providing M&Ms in a variety of hues. The results didn’tchange — people still wanted less of the food after viewing images of it 30 times. Even when
colorful Skittles — candies that have a different flavor for each color — were introduced, the
results of the experiment were largely the same. “If color did not have a significant impact, it
implies that the perceived taste must be a contributing factor. However, our findings indicated that
even the imagined taste did not have a major effect on satiety,” Andersen said.
The study may be of particular interest to advertisers, who have repeatedly come under fire
for promoting foods that contribute to the obesity epidemic. “There are plenty of experimental
studies showing these ads are affecting people and actually causing people to consume more
unhealthy food,” Brennan Davis, a marketing professor at California Polytechnic State
University’s Orfalea College of Business, said in a statement. “And we know that eating unhealthy
food leads to higher rates of overweight and obesity,” Davis added.
5．What is the purpose of the research introduced by the author in the first paragraph?
A．To attract reader’s interest. B．To illustrate a new concept.
C．To lead to the topic. D．To deny a conventional opinion.
6．How did the researchers draw a conclusion in the research?
A．By drawing a parallel. B．By making comparisons.
C．By studying statistics. D．By doing different experiments.
7．What role does cognitive perception play in relation to appetite?
A．It is an insignificant factor in influencing appetite.
B．It determines the physiological response to food.
C．It triggers overeating when viewing images of unhealthy foods.
D．It is more closely associated with appetite than previously thought.
8．What can we infer from the research?
A．Frequent exposure to food images does not affect our desire to eat.
B．Food manufacturers unintentionally suppress our appetite with their ads.
C．Our cognitive perception plays a significant role in controlling our appetite.
D．Colorful food images stimulate our appetite more than monochrome ones.
How can one person enjoy good health, while another person looks old before her time?Humans have been asking this question for thousands of years, and recently, it’s becoming clearer
and clearer to scientists that the differences between people’s rates of aging lie in the complex
interactions among genes, social relationships, environments and lifestyles. Even though you were
born with a particular set of genes, the way you live can influence how they express themselves.
Some lifestyle factors may even turn genes on or shut them off.
Deep within the genetic heart of all our cells are telomeres, or repeating segments of non-
coding DNA that live at the ends of the chromosomes (染色体). They form caps at the ends of the
chromosomes and keep the genetic material together. Shortening with each cell division, they help
determine how fast a cell ages. When they become too short, the cell stops dividing altogether.
This isn’t the only reason a cell can age — there are other stresses on cells we don’t yet
understand very well — but short telomeres are one of the major reasons human cells grow old.
We’ve devoted most of our careers to studying telomeres, and one extraordinary discover y from
our labs is that telomeres can actually lengthen.
Scientists have learned that several thought patterns appear to be unhealthy for telomeres,
and one of them is cynical hostility. Cynical hostility is defined by high anger and frequent
thoughts that other people cannot be trusted. Someone with hostility doesn’t just think, “I hate to
stand in long lines”; they think, “Others deliberately sped up and beat me to my rightful position
in the line!” — and then get violently agitated. People who score high on measures of cynical
hostility tend to get more heart disease, metabolic disease and often die at younger ages. They also
have shorter telomeres. In a study of British civil servants, men who scored high on measures of
cynical hostility had shorter telomeres than men whose hostility scores were low. The most hostile
men were 30% more likely to have short telomeres.
What this means: aging is a dynamic process that could possibly be accelerated or slowed
— and, in some aspects, even reversed. To an extent, it has surprised us and the rest of the
scientific community that telomeres do not simply carry out the commands issued by your genetic
code. Your telomeres are listening to you. The foods you eat, your response to challenges, the
amount of exercise you get, and many other factors appear to influence your telomeres and can
prevent premature aging at the cellular level. One of the keys to enjoying good health is simply
doing your part to foster healthy cell renewal.
9．Why are some lifestyle factors considered extremely important?A．They may determine how genes function.
B．They may shorten the process of cell division.
C．They may affect the lifespan of telomeres.
D．They may account for the stresses on cells.
10．What have the author and his colleagues discovered about telomeres?
A．Their number affects the growth of cells.
B．Their length determines the quality of life.
C．Their shortening process can be reversed.
D．Their health impacts the division of cells.
11．What have scientists learned about cynical hostility?
A．It may lead to confrontational thought patterns.
B．It may cause people to lose their temper frequently.
C．It may produce an adverse effect on telomeres.
D．It may stir up agitation among those in long lines.
12．What do we learn from the last paragraph about the process of aging?
A．It may vary from individual to individual.
B．It challenges scientists to explore further.
C．It depends on one’s genetic code.
D．It may be controlled to a degree.
Fine, crisp and clear or transparent. Many years ago, a dance between clay and fire gave
rise to a tangible piece of art: porcelain (瓷器) .
Flames in kilns (窑) around China have been burning since the Xia and Shang dynasties
(21st century-11th century BC). Along the way, porcelain was born.
Porcelain is generally made by heating raw materials, often a mix between China stone and
kaolin clay, in a kiln at a temperature as high as 1,200 degree Celsius. Temperature is key to
making porcelain. Going through the fire of reinvention at a high temperature gives porcelain
greater strength, more transparency and a feast of colors.
Celadon (青瓷) produced in Longquan, Zhejiang province, a heritage passed down for morethan 1,600 years, is a great example of craftsmen’s dream of the perfect green glint. It takes 72
steps to produce Longquan celadon’s jade-like green. Plum green and light green, or tianqing (the
color of the sky after a rain), are two colors of the best quality.
Porcelain has also been a carrier for cultural exchanges. Along with China’s silk and tea,
porcelain was one of the first commodities to receive worldwide trade.
As it travelled around the globe through the ancient Maritime Silk Road, porcelain was well
received among royal families and upper classes in Europe, who were impressed by these
beautiful vessels they named after China, a product that could be produced only in the far East.
13．Which of the following can NOT be used to describe porcelain?
A．Transparent. B．Tangible. C．Unfashionable. D．Colorful.
14．What is the main purpose of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4?
A．To tell the materials used in making porcelain.
B．To explain the the process of making porcelain.
C．To stress the high temperature is key to making porcelain.
D．To present the history and brief ways of making porcelain.
15．What does the underlined word “commodities” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Goods. B．Exchanges. C．Gifts. D．Donations.
16．Which can be the best title for the text?
A．A Carrier for Cultural Exchanges B．A Living Heritage: Porcelain
C．A Piece of Colourful Art: Porcelain D．A Vessel Popular among Upper Classes in
Europe
Few people realize it, but glaciers (冰川) are full of tiny air bubbles (气泡). They form as
snow, accumulating over thousands of years, slowly packs into ice under its own weight —
squishing the air that was trapped between snowflakes into tiny holes. Erin Pettit, a scientist, and
her colleagues had suspected that bubbles could be important. To test this idea, they undertook a
series of laboratory experiments.
They find that as the ice melted, the resulting fresh water rose, because it was less dense
than the surrounding sea water. This created a rising current along the vertical face of the ice — aproof of what occurs at the front of a real tidewater glacier. When the glacial ice melted, the
current that it produced was six times faster than what was seen with the bubble-free ice because
the rising bubbles pulled the water up more quickly. The glacial ice melted 2.25 times more
quickly than the bubble-free ice. “That’s a very powerful effect. If that’s the reality in nature, then
it’s quite serious.”
The newly discovered bubble effect could explain some of that extra melting, says Mathieu
Morlighem, a scientist. “It’s improving our understanding, but it’s not painting a darker picture of
what’s happening today,” he says.
Pettit notes that in Alaska, many bays with tidewater glaciers have large populations of
harbor seals. The animals shelter there while molting and raising babies. But in Glacier Bay,
where the tidewater glaciers retreated (后退) many miles inland, the seal populations have
declined. Pettit now suspects that the roaring rhythm of exploding bubbles provides a hiding place
where seals can avoid detection by killer whale, which often find their victim by listening. The
bubbles may mask the seals’ sounds — at least until the ice retreats out of hearing. This may turn
out to be yet another way in which these tiny bubbles have surprisingly large-scale effects.
17．What does the underlined word “squishing” in paragraph I mean?
A．Absorbing. B．Pressing. C．Adding. D．Reducing.
18．What did Pettit and her colleagues find about the bubbles?
A．They produce a warm current of water.
B．They result in releasing more fresh water.
C．They have formed for thousands of years slowly.
D．They cause the ice in glaciers to melt more quickly.
19．What is Mathieu’s attitude towards the discovery?
A．Doubtful. B．Favorable. C．Disapproving. D．Cautious.
20．What effect does the last paragraph reflect?
A．The frog effect. B．The bucket effect.
C．The butterfly effect. D．The broken windows effect.
The Greek philosopher Heraclitus taught that you can’t step into the same river twice, foryou aren’t the same person at each visit, and the water is ever flowing. It is a powerful way to
represent the reality of impermanence: Everything is always changing.
Many people have tense relationships with change. They deny it, resist it or attempt to
control it- the result of which is almost always some combination of stress, anxiety, and burnout. It
doesn’t have to be that way.
A concept called allostasis can help. Developed in the late 1980s by a neuroscientist, Peter
Sterling, and a biologist, Joseph Eyer, allostasis is defined as “stability through change,” elegantly
showing the concept’s double meaning: The way to stay stable through the process of change is by
changing, at least to some extent.
The river of change has been flowing mercilessly, and it shows no signs of letting up.
Societally, we’ve gone through a pandemic (大流行病), its economic decline and the widespread
adoption of social media, the combination of which has shifted how we live and work. In our
personal lives, we continue to do what we have always done: relocate, start jobs, quit jobs, change
jobs, get promoted, experience illness, get married, have children, retire and on and on.
Finding ways in this river requires both ruggedness and flexibility. To be rugged is to be
tough and determined, to know your core values and what you stand for. To be flexible is to
actively respond to changing circumstances, to adapt and bend easily without breaking, to grow
and even change your mind. Put these qualities together and the result is a great endurance, one
that helps you maintain your strong core even in fragile moments. It allows you to step into
allostasis’s cycle of order, disorder and reorder — which is, of course, one and the same with
stepping into Heraclitus’s river —and to chart it skillfully and whenever possible, to your own
benefit.
21．What do we know about allostasis?
A．It is a contradictory concept. B．It tends to focus on change.
C．It advocates dynamic stability. D．It claims absolute adaptability.
22．Which of the following best explains “letting up” underlined in paragraph 4?
A．Being pumped. B．Slowing down. C．Getting polluted. D．Rising up.
23．What will you gain from practicing allostasis according to the last paragraph?
A．Popularity. B．Confidence. C．Recognition. D．Perseverance.
24．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Say No to Stability B．Stop Resisting ChangeC．Fight for Flexibility D．Balance Life and Work
Plastic baby bottles released microplastics when heated. Should you be worried about its
side-effects? We still don’t have enough evidence of health risks posed by microplastic
consumptions by infants or adults.
“The last thing we want to do is unduly alarming parents, ”said John Boland, a professor at
Trinity College Dublin in Ireland and one of the authors of the Nature Food study. While the
health effects of microplastics are still unknown, parents can significantly reduce their infants’
exposure by adding some steps to their bottle preparation routine, Boland said. He recommended
letting plastic bottles cool completely after sterilization (消毒) in hot water, then washing them out
at least three times with water that’s been allowed to cool to room temperature after being
sterilized by boiling. Researchers here also found that plastic teakettles, plastic instant noodle cups
and plastic food storage containers all released similarly high levels of microplastics when
subjected to heat.
As for what those microplastics may be doing in our bodies, the evidence so far is quite
limited and unclear. Schwabl, another professor, pointed to a need for more research into
microplastics released from plastic food storage containers, especially when they are subjected to
higher temperatures. He noted some research has found microplastics can cause inflammation (发
炎) in the organs, while other studies show they do not harm. “The threshold at which they cause
problems has not been determined for humans,” Schwabl said. For now, Schwabl agrees we
shouldn’t panic. He’s avoiding plastic containers in his daily life— “not so much that I am afraid
of the ingestion, but I think thereby I may be contributing to reducing the amount of plastic waste”
that makes its way into the environment.
At the moment, there is no need to be afraid, but it is an open question and definitely an
unmet need.
25．Which factor counts in the release of microplastics?
A．Temperature. B．Products. C．Time. D．Containers.
26．Which of the following words can replace the underlined part in Paragraph 2?A．Properly. B．Extremely. C．Obviously. D．Specially.
27．What’s Schwabl’s attitude towards microplastics?
A．Panic. B．Concerned. C．Indifferent. D．Critical.
28．How is the passage developed?
A．By providing the examples. B．By reasoning the readers.
C．By analyzing the figures. D．By comparing the findings.
Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual
from restrictions. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power
can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative
task more than once.
“This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative
ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens
these power imbalances,” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in the Cornell University.
“Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right
way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said.
Lucas and his colleagues conducted two studies to reach their conclusion．In the first
study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute
“warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they
wanted ． Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power
condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation ( 操 纵 ) where
participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee
role with no control over resources (low power). The study found that high-power individuals
were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round．There was no difference,
though, in creativity in the second round.
In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the
number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task.
Similar to the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative thanlow-power individuals in the first round．But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to
the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round.
“The low-power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that empowers all
employees to tap their creative potential and overcomes power imbalances in the workplace: when
pursuing creative work, let employees warm up first,” Lucas said.
29．Why does Locus think it important to boost the creativity of lower power workers?
A．It maintains power imbalances.
B．It motivates their ambition to catch up.
C．It creates a competitive work environment.
D．It encourages a workplace with more equality.
30．How did Lucas and his co-authors stimulate feelings of power in the participants?
A．Through a creative task with time limits.
B．Through providing them with different positions.
C．Through a competition between leaders and employees.
D．Through assigning them to different conditions intentionally.
31．How did the second study differ from the first study?
A．It had fewer rounds. B．It involved more participants.
C．Participants had a changed task. D．Participants’ creativity gap became wider.
32．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Power tends to encourage creative ideas.
B．Changing tasks boosts all the employees’ creativity.
C．Warm-up time corrects creativity power imbalances.
D．Low-power individuals outperform the high-power ones.
Think of your most prized possession. Now, imagine you decide you must sell this item.
How much is it worth to you? How much would you charge for it? And would anyone else want to
buy it at that price?
Let’s consider the real-world example of a yard sale. Before your neighbors come to look at
your things, you must first decide on the prices for them. For you, each item has a story, and someitems may even evoke strong emotions.
Let’s say you’re selling a pair of special edition sports shoes that you took care of and really
enjoyed wearing on special occasions. With these sweet memories in mind, you put a price tag of
$130 on the shoes. However, a customer offers $50 for them. You think, “How could they not see
how special and valuable these are?”
In financial transactions like this, sellers often believe their own items are worth more than
what buyers are willing to pay. This occurs because buyers do not have the seller’s experiences
with and emotional attachment to the items. Buyers want a good deal, and they’re not willing to
pay what the seller is asking for.
This negotiation process can even feel a little painful for the seller—over losing something
and the buyer not valuing it as much. Economists suggest this dynamic occurs through the
endowment effect (禀赋效应)—people’s tendency to value things they own more highly than they
would if they did not own them. The endowment effect can take hold anytime we feel a sense of
ownership over a product, and it can happen quickly.
As the saying goes, “Emotions get the best of us.” There is nothing wrong with being proud
of owning things and treasuring your experiences with them. But when you consider selling a
prized possession, think about whether you’re fully ready to part with it. The past is the past,
though. Removing your emotional attachment to material possessions can help you make more
accurate assessments of how much your items are truly worth.
33．What does the underlined word “evoke” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Advocate. B．Cause. C．Identify. D．Control.
34．What makes you put a price tag of $130 on your shoes according to paragraph3?
A．Your fondness for the shoes. B．Your ignorance of the market.
C．The high quality of the shoes. D．The special function of the shoes.
35．Which can best illustrate the result of endowment effect?
A．One likes collecting old things.
B．One tends to buy expensive goods.
C．One offers a lower price when shopping.
D．One charges a higher-than-usual price for something.
36．What’s the purpose of the last paragraph?
A．To make a suggestion. B．To introduce a theory.C．To analyze a phenomenon. D．To provide some evidence.
If sales generally feel hard to to resist, the sale in front of Aarron Schurevich was the
ultimate test: new Kia Soul just like the one he’d had and loved, at a dealership he trusted, at a
moment when he really needed a car. And it was priced $4,000 off more than a 20% discount.
However, after he sped through paperwork and drove the car off the lot, the deal turned soul.
Schurevich now jokes that he paid a tax for being a fool.
This big-ticket example shows vividly all the dynamics that play out in a sale. The discount
itself often registers as a win, delivering the joy of both getting the product and the reward that we
discovered something, and we’ve earned this extra thing. Thus, spotting something we’d like to
buy on sale activates our brain’s reward system. Then there’s the fight in the brain between what
can be described as its emotional and rational(理性的)parts. A sale lands like the thumb that tips
our mental scale toward buying.
Stores, of course, know all this and try to push our buttons.
Experts say we often subconsciously believe popular things to be more valuable or more
rewarding. Plus, there’s our urge to avoid loses — the fear of missing out (FOMO). So stores
appeal to our crowd mentality: It’s Black Friday, ana everyone’s shopping, buying that thing you’d
like. They create urgency: Your favorite car is on sale today only! And they create scarcity: Shop
now while supplies last!
Stores also try various pricing tricks. “How do we make more customers go to the more
expensive option? We add a decoy,” says Savannah Wei Shi, who researches pricing and decision-
making. For example, picture s store shelf where a medium bag of candy sits next to a larger bag
of the same candy. The medium-sized bag is much smaller than the other bag, but only slightly
cheaper. It makes the big bag look like the best deal, so shoppers buy that one-the most expensive
option on the shelf.
37．Why is Aarron Schurevich’s story mentioned?
A．To illustrate why we fall for a sale. B．To present how our brains are activated.
C．To stress the importance of rational decision.D．To prove the flexibility of marketingstrategies.
38．What can be inferred from paragraph 4?
A．FOMO postpones decisions. B．Sales play on people’s fears.
C．Subconsciousness determines everything. D．Scarcity promotion leads to wise purchases.
39．What marketing technique is used by warning about the limited number of available seats
left?
A．Using Pricing tricks. B．Dealing with emergencies.
C．Creating scarcity. D．Appealing to crowd mentality.
40．What does “a decoy” refer to in paragraph 5?
A．A candy. B．A shelf. C．A larger bag. D．A medium bag.参考答案：
1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样
性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of
photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频
和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故
选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to
investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这
些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据
来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly
interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater
likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next
to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公
民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦
于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of
sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take
a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别
感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的
照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get
observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多
样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导
致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of
oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. Toimprove the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an
expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的
研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为
了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像
的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
【点睛】
5．C 6．D 7．D 8．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，经常看到食品广告图片
可能会减少我们对食物的渴望，反而降低食欲。研究者认为，认知感知与食欲的关系比我
们之前认为的更为密切，认知感知可以在控制食欲方面起着重要作用。同时，这项研究结
果可能引发对食品广告宣传方式的重新思考。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中“This might evoke our potential appetite to eat, but a new
research shows these images, if viewed often enough, actually satisfy our cravings and diminish
(降低) our desire to eat. (这可能会唤起我们潜在的食欲，但一项新的研究表明，如果经常看
到这些图像，实际上会满足我们的渴望，减少我们的食欲)”可知，此处先提到一项新研究
的研究结果，接下来文章对该研究进行了具体的介绍。由此可知，作者提到这项研究是为
了引出文章的话题。故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段中“More than 1,100 people participated in a series of online
studies led by Tjark Andersen, a Ph.D. candidate at Aarhus’ Department of Food Science. In one
experiment, people were exposed to an online photo of orange M&M candies either three
times or 30 times. (超过1100人参加了奥胡斯食品科学系博士生Tjark Andersen领导的一系
列在线研究。在一项实验中，人们在网上看到橙色M&M糖果的照片三次或30次)”、
第四段中“The researchers, who published their results in the Journal Appetite, also looked at
how the food’s color affected desire for it, by providing M&Ms in a variety of hues. (研究人
员在《食欲》杂志上发表了他们的研究结果，他们还通过提供各种颜色的M&M糖果，
研究了食物的颜色如何影响人们对它的渴望)”和“Even when colorful Skittles — candies that
have a different flavor for each color — were introduced, the results of the experiment were
largely the same. (即使引入了五颜六色的彩虹糖——每种颜色都有不同味道的糖果——实验
结果在很大程度上是一样的)”可知，在该研究中研究者通过展开一系列的不同实验得出了结论。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段中Andersen所说的话“Your appetite is more closely linked with
your cognitive perception than most of us think (你的食欲与你的认知感知的联系比我们大多数
人想象的要紧密得多)”可知，认知感知与食欲的关系比我们之前认为的更为密切。故选D
项。
8．推理判断题。根据第三段中Andersen所说的话“How we think about our food is very
important. You will receive a physiological response to something you have only thought about.
That’s why we can feel fully satisfied without eating anything (我们如何看待食物是非常重要的。
你会对你只是想到的事情产生生理反应。这就是为什么我们不吃任何东西也能感到完全满
足)”可知，认知感知可以让人产生相应的生理反应，从而满足食欲。由此可知，我们的认
知感知在控制食欲方面起着重要作用。故选C项。
9．A 10．B 11．C 12．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们衰老速度的差异在于基因、社会关系、环
境和生活方式之间复杂的相互作用。一些生活方式因素甚至可能开启或关闭基因。
9．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Even though you were born with a particular set of genes,
the way you live can influence how they express themselves. Some lifestyle factors may even turn
genes on or shut them off. (即使你生来就有一组特殊的基因，你的生活方式也会影响它们的
表达方式。一些生活方式因素甚至可能开启或关闭基因)”可知，一些生活方式因素可能决
定基因的功能，所以被认为是极其重要的。故选A。
10．推理判断题。由文章第二段中“Shortening with each cell division, they help determine
how fast a cell ages. When they become too short, the cell stops dividing altogether. (随着每次细
胞分裂而缩短，它们有助于确定细胞衰老的速度。当它们变得太短时，细胞就完全停止分
裂)”可知，末端粒的长度直接关联到细胞的老化速度及终止分裂的时点，从而影响生命质
量。因此，我们可以推断出末端粒的长度是决定生命质量的一个关键因素。故选B。
11．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Scientists have learned that several thought patterns
appear to be unhealthy for telomeres, and one of them is cynical hostility. (科学家们已经了解到，
有几种思维模式似乎对端粒不健康，其中之一是愤世嫉俗的敌意)”和“People who score
high on measures of cynical hostility tend to get more heart disease, metabolic disease and often
die at younger ages. (在愤世嫉俗的敌意测试中得分高的人往往更容易患心脏病和代谢疾病，而且往往在更年轻的时候死亡。它们的端粒也更短)”可知，愤世嫉俗的敌意对端粒有不良
影响。故选C。
12．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“What this means: aging is a dynamic process that could
possibly be accelerated or slowed — and, in some aspects, even reversed. To an extent, it has
surprised us and the rest of the scientific community that telomeres do not simply carry out the
commands issued by your genetic code. Your telomeres are listening to you. The foods you eat,
your response to challenges, the amount of exercise you get, and many other factors appear to
influence your telomeres and can prevent premature aging at the cellular level. One of the keys to
enjoying good health is simply doing your part to foster healthy cell renewal. (这意味着：衰老是
一个动态过程，可以加速或减缓，在某些方面甚至可以逆转。在某种程度上，端粒不只是
执行你的遗传密码发出的命令，这让我们和科学界的其他人感到惊讶。你的端粒在倾听你
的声音。你吃的食物、你对挑战的反应、你的运动量，以及许多其他因素似乎都会影响你
的端粒，并能在细胞水平上防止过早衰老。享受健康的关键之一就是尽自己的一份力量来
促进健康的细胞更新)”可推知，衰老过程可以在一定程度上得到控制。故选D。
13．C 14．D 15．A 16．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文简要介绍瓷器的色泽、历史、制造工艺、发展和贸易等。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Fine, crisp and clear or transparent. Many years ago, a dance
between clay and fire gave rise to a tangible piece of art: porcelain (瓷器) .(精细的、易碎的、明
亮的或透明的。许多年前，黏土与火之间的舞蹈产生了一种有形的艺术品：瓷器)”和第二
段中“Going through the fire of reinvention at a high temperature gives porcelain greater
strength, more transparency and a feast of colors.(经过高温的再创造之火，瓷器的强度更大，
透明度更高，色彩更丰富)”可知，黏土烧制的瓷器可以是透明的、可触摸的和色彩丰富的，
但不能说是不时髦的。故选C项。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Flames in kilns (窑) around China have been burning since
the Xia and Shang dynasties (21st century-11th century BC). Along the way, porcelain was born.
(自夏商朝(公元前21世纪至公元前11世纪)以来，中国各地的窑炉就开始燃烧火焰。在此
过程中，瓷器诞生了)”、第三段中“Porcelain is generally made by heating raw materials, often
a mix between China stone and kaolin clay, in a kiln at a temperature as high as 1,200 degree
Celsius. Temperature is key to making porcelain. Going through the fire of reinvention at a hightemperature gives porcelain greater strength, more transparency and a feast of colors.(瓷器通常是
通过加热原料制成的，通常是中国石和高岭土的混合物，在窑炉中加热温度高达1200摄氏
度。温度是制作瓷器的关键。经过高温的再创造之火，瓷器的强度更大，透明度更高，色
彩更丰富)”和第四段中“Celadon (青瓷) produced in Longquan, Zhejiang province, a heritage
passed down for more than 1,600 years, is a great example of craftsmen’s dream of the perfect
green glint. It takes 72 steps to produce Longquan celadon’s jade-like green. Plum green and light
green, or tianqing (the color of the sky after a rain), are two colors of the best quality.(浙江龙泉的
青瓷(青瓷)传承了1600多年，是工匠们追求完美绿色光泽的理想典范。龙泉青瓷的翡翠般
的绿色需要72道工序才能生产出来。梅绿和浅绿，或天青(雨后天空的颜色)，是最好的两
种颜色)”可知，第二、三和四段的主要目的是介绍制作瓷器的历史和方法简介。故选D项。
15．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Along with China’s silk and tea, porcelain was one of
the first commodities to receive worldwide trade.(与中国的丝绸和茶叶一样，瓷器是首批接受
全球贸易的commodities 之一)”中“Along with China’s silk and tea”和“worldwide trade”可知，
句中把瓷器与丝绸和茶叶相提并论，说明瓷器也是全球贸易中的重要“商品”。划线词
commodities 与goods，意为“商品”。故选A项。
16．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Fine, crisp and clear or transparent. Many years
ago, a dance between clay and fire gave rise to a tangible piece of art: porcelain (瓷器) .(精细的、
易碎的、明亮的或透明的。许多年前，黏土与火之间的舞蹈产生了一种有形的艺术品：瓷
器)”和第五段“Porcelain has also been a carrier for cultural exchanges. Along with China’s silk
and tea, porcelain was one of the first commodities to receive worldwide trade.(瓷器也是文化交
流的载体。与中国的丝绸和茶叶一样，瓷器是首批接受全球贸易的商品之一)”可知，文章
介绍了瓷器的色泽、历史、制造工艺、发展和贸易等信息。文中描述的瓷器不单是一种艺
术品，更是种有着悠久历史的文化遗产，所以“A Living Heritage: Porcelain(活着遗产：瓷
器)”是最佳标题。故选B项。
17．B 18．D 19．B 20．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。科学家们最近发现，冰川中数以亿计的高压气泡正在加速全球
部分冰川的消融。这一发现对于预测未来随着海洋变暖冰川退缩的程度具有重要意义，并
揭示出冰川气泡可能在生态系统和全球气候系统中产生意想不到的巨大影响。
17．词句猜测题。根据第一段前面的“They form as snow, accumulating over thousands ofyears, slowly packs into ice under its own weight (它们以雪的形式形成，经过数千年的积累，
在自身重量的作用下慢慢地结成冰)”和后面的“the air that was trapped between snowflakes
into tiny holes (被困在雪花之间的空气变成了小洞)”可知，最初形成的雪经过数千年累积，
在自身负重下，缓慢被压成了冰，雪花之间困住的气体便在这个过程里被挤压进了细小的
空隙之中。故选B项。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段的“When the glacial ice melted, the current that it produced was
six times faster than what was seen with the bubble-free ice because the rising bubbles pulled the
water up more quickly. The glacial ice melted 2.25 times more quickly than the bubble-free ice (当
冰川的冰融化时，它所产生的电流比没有气泡的冰所产生的速度快六倍，因为上升的气泡
使水上升的速度更快。冰川冰的融化速度是无气泡冰的2.25倍)”可知，当冰川融化时，它
产生的水流流速是无气泡冰的6倍，融化速度是无气泡冰的2.25倍，说明气泡加快了冰川
融化的速度。故选D项。
19．推理判断题。根据第三段的“The newly discovered bubble effect could explain some of
that extra melting, says Mathieu Morlighem, a scientist. ‘It’s improving our understanding, but it’s
not painting a darker picture of what’s happening today,’ he says. (科学家Mathieu Morlighem说，
新发现的气泡效应可以解释部分额外的融化现象。他说，它提高了我们的认识，但并没有
为目前的情况描绘出一幅更黑暗的图景)”可知，Mathieu对于气泡加快冰川融化速度这种说
法，是持赞成态度的。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But in Glacier Bay, where the tidewater glaciers retreated (后
退) many miles inland, the seal populations have declined. Pettit now suspects that the roaring
rhythm of exploding bubbles provides a hiding place where seals can avoid detection by killer
whale, which often find their victim by listening. The bubbles may mask the seals’ sounds — at
least until the ice retreats out of hearing. This may turn out to be yet another way in which these
tiny bubbles have surprisingly large-scale effects. (在冰川湾，潮水冰川向内陆后退了许多英里，
海豹的数量减少了。佩蒂特现在怀疑，气泡爆炸的轰鸣声为海豹提供了一个藏身之处，避
免被虎鲸发现。虎鲸通常通过声音寻找猎物。这些气泡可能会掩盖海豹的声音——至少在
冰层退去之前是这样。这可能是这些微小气泡产生令人惊讶的大规模效应的另一种方式)”
可知，在一个复杂系统中，一个看似微不足道的动作或事件能够引发一连串不可预测且深
远的影响，故选C项。
21．C 22．B 23．D 24．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了变化与稳定性的概念，并强调了适应变化和
在变化中找到稳定性的重要性。
21．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“A concept called allostasis can help. Developed in the late
1980s by a neuroscientist, Peter Sterling, and a biologist, Joseph Eyer, allostasis is defined as
“stability through change,” elegantly showing the concept’s double meaning: The way to stay
stable through the process of change is by changing, at least to some extent.(一种叫做
“allostasis”的概念可以提供帮助。20世纪80年代末，神经学家Peter Sterling和生物学家
Joseph Eyer将“allostasis”定义为“通过变化保持稳定”，优雅地展示了这个概念的双重含
义：在变化过程中保持稳定的方法是改变，至少在某种程度上是这样。)”可知，allostasis
指的是通过变化保持稳定。故选C。
22．词句猜测题。根据划线词组上一句“The river of change has been flowing mercilessly(变
革的河流一直在无情地流淌)”可知，变化一直都在发生，由此可知，划线词组的意思和
“停止、缓慢下来”相似。选项A“Being pumped (兴奋)”；选项B“Slowing down (慢下来)”；
选项C“Getting polluted (被污染)”；选项D“Rising up (上升)”。故选B。
23．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Put these qualities together and the result is a great
endurance, one that helps you maintain your strong core even in fragile moments. It allows you to
step into allostasis’s cycle of order, disorder and reorder—which is, of course, one and the same
with stepping into Heraclitus’s river —and to chart it skillfully and whenever possible, to your
own benefit.(把这些品质放在一起，结果是一个伟大的耐力，一个帮助你保持强大的核心，
即使在脆弱的时刻。它能让你进入异稳态的有序、无序和再有序的循环——当然，这与踏
入赫拉克利特的河流是一样的——并在可能的时候，为了你自己的利益，巧妙地绘制它的
图表。)”可知，通过实践“allostasis”，我们可以通过拥抱变化并从中找到稳定性，可以获
得出色的耐力和技巧性地规划自己的道路。故选D。
24．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Many people have tense relationships with change. They
deny it, resist it or attempt to control it- the result of which is almost always some combination of
stress, anxiety, and burnout. (很多人对改变的态度都很紧张。他们否认、抵制或试图控制它
——其结果几乎总是压力、焦虑和倦怠的结合。)”、第三段“It doesn’t have to be that way.
(事情并不一定要这样。)”再结合全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了适应变化和在变化中找到
稳定性的重要性，并强调了通过拥抱变化并从中找到稳定性，我们可以获得出色的耐力和技巧性地规划自己的道路。因此，最佳标题是选项B“Stop Resisting Change (停止抗拒变
化)”。故选B。
25．A 26．B 27．B 28．D
【导语】本文是议论文。文章讨论了人们是否应该担心塑料微粒可能对健康产生影响，作
者通过两位教授的观点论证了人们目前没有必要害怕，但是为了环境我们可以选择尽量少
用塑料制品。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段“Plastic baby bottles released microplastics when heated.(塑料
婴儿奶瓶加热时会释放微塑料)”和第二段“Researchers here also found that plastic teakettles,
plastic instant noodle cups and plastic food storage containers all released similarly high levels of
microplastics when subjected to heat.(这里的研究人员还发现，塑料茶壶、塑料方便面杯和塑
料食品储存容器在受热时都会释放出同样高水平的微塑料)”可知，塑料制品在被加热时会
释放塑料微粒，所以温度是塑料微粒释放的因素。故选A。
26．词义猜测题。根据第一段“We still don’t have enough evidence of health risks posed by
microplastic consumptions by infants or adults.(我们仍然没有足够的证据表明婴儿或成人摄入
微塑料会带来健康风险)”以及第二段中的“The last thing we want to do”可知，目前还没有
找到足够的证据证明塑料微粒会对婴儿或成人的健康造成威胁，所以此处表示我们最不想
做的事情是让父母极度担心。故划线词意思是“非常，极度”。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据第三段“Schwabl, another professor, pointed to a need for more research
into microplastics released from plastic food storage containers, especially when they are
subjected to higher temperatures.(另一位教授Schwabl指出，有必要对塑料食品储存容器释放
的微塑料进行更多研究，尤其是当它们受到更高温度的影响时)”可知，他认为有必要进行
更多的相关研究，可见他非常关心塑料微粒问题。故选B。
28．推理判断题。文章第一段引出是否应该担心塑料微粒的问题，接着第二段““The last
thing we want to do is unduly alarming parents, ”said John Boland, a professor at Trinity College
Dublin in Ireland and one of the authors of the Nature Food study. While the health effects of
microplastics are still unknown, parents can significantly reduce their infants’ exposure by adding
some steps to their bottle preparation routine, Boland said. He recommended letting plastic bottles
cool completely after sterilization (消毒) in hot water, then washing them out at least three times
with water that’s been allowed to cool to room temperature after being sterilized by boiling.Researchers here also found that plastic teakettles, plastic instant noodle cups and plastic food
storage containers all released similarly high levels of microplastics when subjected to heat.(“我们
最不想做的就是让父母过度担忧，”爱尔兰都柏林三一学院教授、《自然食品》研究报告
的作者之一John Boland说。博兰说，虽然微塑料对健康的影响尚不清楚，但父母可以通过
在准备奶瓶的过程中增加一些步骤，显著减少婴儿接触到微塑料。他建议塑料瓶在消毒后
在热水中完全冷却，然后用沸水消毒后冷却到室温的水冲洗至少三次。这里的研究人员还
发现，塑料茶壶、塑料方便面杯和塑料食品储存容器在受热时都会释放出同样高水平的微
塑料)”谈到教授John Boland的建议及一些研究人员的结论，第三段“Schwabl, another
professor, pointed to a need for more research into microplastics released from plastic food storage
containers, especially when they are subjected to higher temperatures.(另一位教授Schwabl指出，
有必要对塑料食品储存容器释放的微塑料进行更多研究，尤其是当它们受到更高温度的影
响时)”提到另一个教授Schwabl的看法和一些研究结论，故本篇文章主要是通过对比研究
结论来展开的。故选D。
29．D 30．B 31．C 32．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，给予热身时间后，职位低的员工的创造力可以得
到提升。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段中““Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power
workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said.
(卢卡斯说：“了解如何提高低权力员工的创造力，可以帮助他们找到正确的方法来应对这
种低权力的劣势。”)”可知，了解如何促进职位较低员工的创造力，能够帮助他们找到正
确的方法来应对职位低的劣势，让他们产生更多创造性想法，从而促进工作场所更加公平
公正。故选 D。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power
condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role
manipulation (操纵) where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources
(high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power)(参与者被随机分配
到高权力情境或低权力情境，并通过角色操纵产生权力感，参与者被赋予领导角色和控制
资源的角色(高权力)或没有控制资源的员工角色(低权力)。)”可知，参与者的权力感是通过
给予参与者不同的角色（leadership 或 employee role）来产生的。故选 B。31．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the second study, the researchers gave them a different
creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they
like to complete the task(在第二项研究中，研究人员给了他们一项不同的创造性任务，并将
回合数从两回合增加到五回合，只要他们愿意，就可以完成任务。)”可知，第二项研究中，
任务发生了改变。故选 C。
32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, new research shows that employees who are not in
positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging
in the creative task more than once.(然而，新的研究表明，没有权力的员工如果有时间通过多
次参与创造性任务来“热身”，他们会变得更有创造力。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍研
究发现，一般情况下，职位高的员工比职位低的员工更具有创造力，但是热身环节可以激
发职位低的员工的创造力，从而创造一个更加公平的工作环境, 所以选择项C“Warm-up
time corrects creativity power imbalances. (热身能够纠正创造能力的不均衡。)”作为文章标题
最为合适。故选C。
33．B 34．A 35．D 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“禀赋效应”的现象，并建议消除对物质财富
的情感依恋，更准确地评估物品的价值。
33．词句猜测题。根据上文“For you, each item has a story(对你来说，每件物品都有一个故
事)”和下文的emotions可知，此处是指一些物品可能会“唤起”一些情感，所以推知划线
词是“引起、唤起”的意思。故选B项。
34．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Let’s say you’re selling a pair of special edition sports
shoes that you took care of and really enjoyed wearing on special occasions. With these sweet
memories in mind, you put a price tag of $130 on the shoes.(假设你正在销售一双特别版的运动
鞋，你很喜欢在特殊场合穿它。带着这些甜蜜的回忆，你给这双鞋标上了130美元的价
格。)”可知，你对这双鞋的喜爱让你给这双鞋贴上了130美元的价格标签。故选A项。
35．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Economists suggest this dynamic occurs through the
endowment effect (禀赋效应)—people’s tendency to value things they own more highly than they
would if they did not own them.(经济学家认为，这种动态是通过禀赋效应发生的——人们倾
向于认为自己拥有的东西比自己没有拥有的东西更有价值。)”可知，一个人对某物收取比
平常更高的价格，最能说明禀赋效应的结果。故选D项。36．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The past is the past, though. Removing your emotional
attachment to material possessions can help you make more accurate assessments of how much
your items are truly worth.(不过，过去的就让它过去吧。消除对物质财富的情感依恋可以帮
助你更准确地评估你的物品到底值多少钱。)”可知，最后一段的目的是提出建议。故选A
项。
37．A 38．B 39．C 40．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍在销售中商家利用顾客心理而使用的一些促销手
段。
37．推理判断题。由文章第一段“If sales generally feel hard to to resist, the sale in front of
Aarron Schurevich was the ultimate test: new Kia Soul just like the one he’d had and loved, at a
dealership he trusted, at a moment when he really needed a car. And it was priced $4,000 off more
than a 20% discount. However, after he sped through paperwork and drove the car off the lot, the
deal turned soul. Schurevich now jokes that he paid a tax for being a fool.(如果销售通常让人难
以抗拒，那么在Aarron Schurevich面前的销售是一次终极考验：新款起亚Soul就像他曾经
拥有和喜爱的一样，在他真正需要一辆车的时候，在他信任的经销商那里。它的价格是
4000美元，折扣超过20%。然而，在他快速完成文书工作并将车驶离停车场后，这笔交易
让人魂牵梦绕。Schurevich现在开玩笑说，他因为自己是个傻瓜而纳税。)”可知，作者提到
Schurevich的故事为了说明我们为什么会上当。故选A项。
38．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Experts say we often subconsciously believe popular things
to be more valuable or more rewarding. Plus, there’s our urge to avoid loses — the fear of missing
out (FOMO). So stores appeal to our crowd mentality: It’s Black Friday, ana everyone’s shopping,
buying that thing you’d like. They create urgency: Your favorite car is on sale today only! And
they create scarcity: Shop now while supplies last!(专家表示，我们通常下意识地认为受欢迎的
东西更有价值或更有回报。此外，我们还有避免失败的冲动——害怕错过（FOMO）。因
此，商店吸引了我们的人群心态：今天是黑色星期五，每个人都在购物，买你喜欢的东西。
他们制造了紧迫感：你最喜欢的车今天才打折！他们制造了稀缺性：现在购物，而供应量
有限！)”可知，商家利用了人们的害怕来促销。故选B项。
39．细节理解题。由文章第四段“And they create scarcity: Shop now while supplies last!(他们
制造了稀缺性：现在购物，而供应量有限！)”可知，警告剩余座位数量有限是制造稀缺性的销售手法。故选C项。
40．词句猜测题。由文章最后一段“For example, picture s store shelf where a medium bag of
candy sits next to a larger bag of the same candy. The medium-sized bag is much smaller than the
other bag, but only slightly cheaper. It makes the big bag look like the best deal, so shoppers buy
that one-the most expensive option on the shelf.(例如，图片中的商店货架上，一个中等大小的
糖果袋放在一个较大的相同糖果袋旁边。中等尺寸的袋子比其它袋子小得多，但只稍微便
宜一点。它让这个大袋子看起来是最划算的，所以购物者买这个袋子——这是货架上最昂
贵的选择。)”可推测，a decoy应指的是“一个中等大小的袋子”。故选D项。
