专题02主旨题（学生版）_英语(2)_专项复习_2025年_2025年高考复习完形填空最新模拟精讲精练_52025届阅读理解秒杀技巧及真题演练（全国通用）

专题 02 主旨题（原卷版）
Part1 技巧导图.................................................................................................................................................2
Part2 知识详解.................................................................................................................................................2
Part3 解题训练.................................................................................................................................................4
Part4 高考真题再现.......................................................................................................................................26
2023年2月四省联考.............................................................................................................................26
2023年1月浙江卷.................................................................................................................................30
2022年6月新高考1卷..........................................................................................................................33
2022年6月新高考2卷..........................................................................................................................34
2022年6月全国甲卷.............................................................................................................................36
2022年6月全国乙卷.............................................................................................................................39
2022年6月北京卷.................................................................................................................................41
2022年1月浙江卷.................................................................................................................................42
2021年6月天津卷.................................................................................................................................44
2021年6月新高考1卷..........................................................................................................................45
2021年6月新高考2卷..........................................................................................................................47
2021年6月全国甲卷.............................................................................................................................48
2021年6月全国乙卷.............................................................................................................................50
2021年6月浙江卷.................................................................................................................................51
2021年3月天津卷.................................................................................................................................53
2021年1月八省联考.............................................................................................................................57
2021年1月浙江卷.................................................................................................................................59
2020年全国1卷.....................................................................................................................................60
2020年北京卷.........................................................................................................................................62
2020年全国2卷.....................................................................................................................................65
2020全国3..............................................................................................................................................67
2020.7浙江..............................................................................................................................................71
2020.5天津..............................................................................................................................................72
2020.7天津..............................................................................................................................................732020.1浙江..............................................................................................................................................75
2020江苏.................................................................................................................................................77
2020年海南.............................................................................................................................................79
2019.1上海..............................................................................................................................................80
2019.3天津..............................................................................................................................................83
2019江苏.................................................................................................................................................87
2019全国1..............................................................................................................................................90
2019全国2..............................................................................................................................................91
2019全国3..............................................................................................................................................93
2019北京卷.............................................................................................................................................94
2019浙江.................................................................................................................................................97
2019.6天津..............................................................................................................................................99
Part1 技巧导图Part2 知识详解
知识点1：中心主旨题概述
中心主旨题主要是考查考生对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼
文章的中心思想，体会作者的主要写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代
表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。
知识点2：中心主旨题命题形式
1.概括中心思想型（main idea）：
Which of the following is mainly discussed in the last paragraph?
2.标题或主题型（topic / title / headline）：
What would be the best title for this passage?
3.写作目的型（main purpose）：
What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?
知识点3：中心主旨题干扰项特点
1. 主题变大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围变大，超过文章实际所提及的内容。
2. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设计内容，或者以次要的事实或
细节充当全文的主要观点。
3. 以偏概全。干扰项只表述了文章的部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。
4. 无中生有，似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后会发现这类
干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
5. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。不注意的情况下，会造
成错选答案。
知识点4：中心主旨题解题方法
1.主题句全文定位法
开头 100%
应用信息
结尾 10%
开头 10%
故事传记
结尾 100%开头 100%
议论说明（结论）
结尾 10%
开头 100%
议论说明（活动）
结尾 10%
开头 100%
议论说明（现象）
结尾 10%
开头 90%
议论说明（道理）
结尾 10%
2.高频词法（几乎每段均出现过一次或几次的词为高频词，中心主旨必须含有较多高频词）
3.选项综合分析法（深层、概括、积极、有意义）
中心主旨题解题注意事项：
1.文章中心主旨不完全等同于文章标题。文章的中心主旨较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题
则通常情况下较为简明。文章的标题是文章中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。
2.注意提示信息：
A.重要关联词（But/however/in fact/above all/so/for example）
B.强调句（It is ... that...）
C.某些特殊符号（：或―...）
D.一些宾语从句（show that/conclude that...）
3.优先依据文章中的中心句解中心主旨题。
Part3 解题训练
例题1
【高考真题】
The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer’s（阿尔楚海默症）. He was
losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his
family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep catch night
when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father.Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness to
help.
“Why do this?” Steve wondered.
“Because she cares.” Melissa said.
Steve nodded, tears in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she’d love to hear him play. Steve moved to the piano
and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.
Naomi put a small recorder near the piano, Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking. But
Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.
“It was beautiful." Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth saving.”
Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Goodwin. It was
bidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He’d move his fingers clumsily on the
piano, and then she’d take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head. He stood by the piano,
eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played by someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end a song in a
new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn’t play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last
song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss and love, of the fight.
Steve called it “Melancholy Flower”.
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts, Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him
“honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni
praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal songs. With Naomi’s help, the
Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought that would be
the end. But it wasn’t.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told the
director she had a special one in mind: “Melancholy Flower”
She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing list. But
Naomi would have to ask Steve’s permission. He considered it an honor.After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve’s music was beautiful and professional. It needed to
be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day of the
show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew the path
his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded. Naomi took the
stage. Her fingers. His heart.
22. What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A. The Kindness of Friends B. The Power of Music
C. The Making of a Musician D. The Value of Determination
例题2
【高考真题】
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is
cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a
tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt
offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the
Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's leant into practice in her own
home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she
explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water,
sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make
this food ourselves. "
The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save
Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products
on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different familyeach week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on
a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty
recipes.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
例题3
【高考真题】
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance
Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film— it wanted somebody as
well known as Paul— he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would
have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its
root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live
TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.
Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making
fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our
relationship off the screen.
We shared the brief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he
with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with
Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that
brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal
was, and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.
27.What is the author's purpose in writing the test?
A.To show his love of films.
B.To remember a friend.
C.To introduce a new movie.D.To share his acting experience.
例题4
【高考真题】
TerrafugiaInc .said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight,bringing the company
closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition – has two
seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for
eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-
gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale,
and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the
New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost
$279,000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline
industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.
The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to
fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to
create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes.
Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the
Transition,a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition.
31. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition's Fist FlightC.Pilots'Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
例题5
【高考真题】
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen
wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had
grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United
States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically
disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there
were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food
sources (来源) for the wolf – grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被),
which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The
coyotes killed a large percentage of the park' s red foxes, and completely drove away the park' s beavers.
As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.
They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan
because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues
over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while
beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment
to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
28. What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.例题6
【高考真题】
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile
laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover
where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among
older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers
which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation( 导 航 ) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed
adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country,
driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without
having to rely on others.”
“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people
avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The
result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to
understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to
address these problems.
“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but
surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely
to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We're looking at the benefits of systems which control
their speed as a way of preventing that.
“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers
stay safer behind the wheel.”
35.What is the best title for the text?
A.A new Model Electric Car
B.A Solution to Traffic Problem
C. Driving Service for eldersD. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
课堂运用：
基础
【高考真题】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as
she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s "me" time. And like
more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half（53 percent）have
breakfast alone and nearly half（46 percent）have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating
together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
"I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?" Bechtel said, looking up from her book.
Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of
us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her
on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. "Today, I just wanted some time to myself," she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes
that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if
he wants to have a little interaction（交流）. "I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the
week," he said. "It's a chance for self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan."
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may
have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to
keep us company at the table. "It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,"
said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
8. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone. B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime. D. The advantage of wireless technology.【高考真题】
Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of
age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days , a brush was
made from camel's hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He
cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.
The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged
（蓬乱）. His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.
The cat's lot was about to improve. That year, one of Benjamin's cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit.
He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some
brushes. He also sent six engravings（版画）by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and
brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr. Pennington returned for
another visit .He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin's parents if he
might take the boy to Philadelphia for a visit.
In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a
landscape (风景) painting. Williams, a well-known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed
with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home .The books were long and dull.
Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said,” Those two books were my
companions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the
books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be
an artist.
21. What is the text mainly about?
A. Benjamin's visit to Philadelphia.
B. Williams' influence on Benjamin.
C. The beginning of Benjamin's life as an artist.
D. The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.
【高考真题】
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle inthese places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City,
for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew
gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom
towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But
gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a
population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for
gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to
Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once
closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the
difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men
for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were
very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with
disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in
Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the
Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is
762.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city.
B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness.
D. Tourism in Dawson.
巩固
【高考真题】
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media reportpublished Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading
remains a big part of many children's lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report's key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever' read for fun has
gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent
respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the
same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to
closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data
about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic
reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and
important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read
frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them,
parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take
this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or
bookstore.
28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children's reading habits.
B. Quality of children's books.
C. Children's after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relationships.
【高考真题】
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us,
deeply focused on their smart phones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It's more
likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and
unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the
trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even
exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says
Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every
great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small
talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way
into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak
only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher
positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to
your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter
for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a
bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is
the basis of good manners,” he says.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
拔高
6.【高考真题】
Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out
in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a
comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Alreadythis year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.
The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination
rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called “herd
immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can't be vaccinated for medical
reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn't work.
But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and
seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.
That's exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County,
California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused
an outbreak last year.
The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those
who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.
Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed to
be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption
（豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.
Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does
enough to limit exemptions.
Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions?
Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they'll exist only as long as
everyone shares in the risks.
66. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce the idea of exemption.
B. To discuss methods to cure measles.
C. To stress the importance of vaccination.
D. To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.
课堂小结本节课主要围绕中心主旨题进行讲解，即：中心主旨题的特点、中心主旨题解题方法与技巧、中
心主旨题解题注意事项。需要重点掌握的是中心主旨题解题方法。
在英语阅读理解题中，中心主旨题占有重要地位，几乎每篇均会涉及中心主旨题。因此，同学在
平时阅读训练时要通过训练熟练掌握中心主旨题解题方法，尤其是中心句捕捉法。最终能快速准确把
握文章中心主旨。
拓展延伸
基础
1.
We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively（被动地）. We achieve it actively by direct
experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning.
We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in
the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive.
Conditioned as we are to passive learning, it's not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday
communication with friends and co-workers.
Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told even
when it is little more than hearsay and rumor(谣言).
Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn't show
it to anyone. Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person. That person, in turn, whispers it to
still another, and so on, through all the people playing the game. The last person writes down the message
word for word as he or she hears it. Then the two written statements are compared. Typically, the original
message has changed.
That's what happens in daily life. The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes
the story. Yet those who hear it think they know.
This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be re-
stated as fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it
occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the
interpretation he placed upon those facts.3. The author mentions the game Rumor to show that _____.
A. a message may be changed when being passed on
B. a message should be delivered in different ways
C. people may have problems with their sense of hearing
D. people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor
2.I am a writer. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke
（唤起） an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade.
And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with.
Born into a Chinese family that had recently arrived in California, I've been giving more thought to the
kind of English my mother speaks. Like others, I have described it to people as “broken” English. But feel
embarrassed to say that. It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than
“broken”, as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness. I've heard other
terms used, “limited English,” for example. But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including
people's perceptions（认识）of the limited English speaker.
I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother's “limited” English limited my
perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she
had to say. That is ,because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect. And I had plenty of
evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her
seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear
her.
I started writing fiction in 1985. And for reasons I won't get into today, I began to write stories using all
the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described
as “broken”, and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal（内在的） language, and
for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure: I wanted to catch what
language ability tests can never show; her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of
her thoughts.
1. What is the passage mainly about?A. The changes of the author's attitude to her mother's English.
B. The limitation of the author's perception of her mother.
C. The author's misunderstanding of “limited” English.
D. The author's experiences of using broken English.
巩固
3.
Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you're doing your
holiday shopping online, make sure you're holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉）of
warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions
—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person's perception（感知）of another's “warmth” is a powerful
determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration,
even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early
childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies' conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by
physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958,
showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire
“mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow's work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for
warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social
skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide
study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and
studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment
which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study's hypotheses（假设）,
handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short
information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personalityof “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A
as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
1. According to Paragraph 1, a person's emotion may be affected by________ .
A. the visitors to his office
B. the psychology lessons he has
C. his physical feeling of coldness
D. the things he has bought online
2. The author mentions Harlow's experiment to show that ________.
A. adults should develop social skills
B. babies need warm physical contact
C. caregivers should be healthy adults
D. monkeys have social relationships
5. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.
B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.
D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.
4.Whenever the word “hero” comes to me, I immediately think of three Hs: honorable, hardworking, and
happy. When I think more about this word, I picture someone who has accomplished good things for people
and tries to do the right thing. Hattie Elizabeth Alexander is one person whom I find to be very heroic.
Hattie was born in Baltimore, Maryland on April 5, 1901.During her time at College she earned herBachelor's Degree in Bacteriology and Physiology. These were just the first steps towards what she was
finally going to be remembered for. After college Hattie attended the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and
received her medical degree.
After her education, she pursued her career, and after much time and hard work, she drastically reduced
the number of infants (幼儿) dying from meningitis (脑膜炎)．Hattie was very dedicated to her work and
helped at as many locations as she could. Spending substantial (大量的) time in the laboratory, Hattie
successfully developed a cure against the disease, which decreased the death rate to 20 per cent. At the same
time, she was also a teacher working with Columbia University.
She was a caring lady interested in other people's lives. When she was teaching at Columbia University,
other members would talk to her about students that were failing their classes, and somehow Hattie could
always find convincing reasons as to why they should not be driven away. Later, Hattie became an instructor
in Pediatrics at New York City's Babies Hospital. After many honors, she became the first woman president of
the American Pediatric Society in 1965.This was her last major achievement, for soon after, Hattie died of
cancer on June 24, 1968.
Hattie is my hero because her positive attitude and strength helped her accomplish great things for others.
She gave them her strength by developing medicines against diseases, which, by doing so, made them
stronger. This is what makes Hattie Elizabeth Alexander my hero.
4. Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?
A．An honourable woman
B．A woman accomplishing great things
C．My hero—Hattie Elizabeth Alexander
D．The first woman president of the APS
5. “How do you explain the fact that even though you were both blind and deaf, you were able to accomplish
so much？” Queen Victoria of England asked Helen Keller.
MSN Keller answered, “If it had not been for Anne Sullivan, the name of Helen Keller would have
remained unknown.”
In fact, “Little Annie”， as she was called when she was young, was no stranger to hardship. She was
almost sightless herself (due to a childhood fever) and was, at one time, diagnosed as hopelessly “insane” andwas locked in the basement of a mental institution. On occasion, Little Annie would even violently attack
anyone who came near.
An elderly nurse believed there was hope, however, and she made it her mission to show love to the
child. She still continued to visit for she believed Little Annie could recover, if she was shown love.
Eventually, doctors noticed a change in the girl. Where they witnessed anger and coldness they noted
gentleness and love. They moved her upstairs where she continued to improve. Then the day finally came
when this seemingly “hopeless” child was released.
Anne Sullivan grew into a young woman with a desire to help others as she, herself, was helped by the
kind nurse. It was she who saw the great potential in Helen Keller. She loved her, disciplined her，played
with her and worked with her until the weak candle became a beacon of light to the world. She worked
wonders in Helen's life; but it was a loving nurse who first believed in Little Annie and lovingly transformed
an uncommunicative child into a compassionate teacher.
“If it had not been for Anne Sullivan, the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.” But if
it had not been for a kind and dedicated nurse, the name of Anne Sullivan would have remained unknown.
And so it goes. And how far forward will it lead?
4. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?
A. A caring nurse
B. Chain of love
C. Without respect, without success
D. God helps those who help themselves
拔高
6. A couple of years ago I graduated from art school. After graduation I was unsure of what to do with my
degree. I had majored in Illustration (插图) and loved it, but didn't really feel interested in doing illustrations
for any companies. This left me with few options other than freelance (自由职业的)jobs and nannying (保姆
工作)．
I spent two years working as a nanny doing freelance illustration on the side. It just wasn't quite enoughto pay rent, but I loved it, so I worked well over 50 hours a week, trying to keep up with both.
Just under a year ago I went to a friend's wedding. I couldn't think of a gift for them and really didn't
have a lot of money to spare so I used my talents to create a portrait for them. It wasn't much, and I hoped it
would be a good gift. When I handed the portrait to them and they unwrapped it, the looks on their faces were
something I did not expect. There were joyful tears in their eyes as they cried, “That's us! This is so
beautiful！”
It's funny because when I was in art school portraits were always my least favorite assignment. I hated
drawing people and was always so much more interested in drawing little furry creatures. Once I saw the
looks on my friends' faces after giving them their portrait it was all over. I suddenly loved portraits and
wanted to do more.
I now take portraits to every wedding I go to and have given them as gifts to the families I nannied for.
Every time the reaction makes all of the hard work and time I put into them so worth it.
I've just started offering couple, family and pet portraits as an item on my Etsy shop.
4. What may be the best title of the passage?
A. Your major is your future career
B. I gave a gift and it turned into a career
C. I sacrificed a lot for my job
D. You are to do what you desire to do
7.In a shocking upset, 70yearold Republican candidate Donald Trump rode a wave to victory as voters elected
him the 5th President of the United States.
Actually，a lot of experts had predicted that Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton would come out on
top. Throughout the campaign，one of Trump's main challenges was to persuade voters that he has the
attitude，knowledge and judgment to be president. In the end，he was able to attract more than enough
voters to his side.
Hillary Clinton admitted the election to Trump in a phone call at around 2：30 am.“ Hillary has worked
very long and very hard over a long period of time，”Trump told his supporters during his victory speech.
“We owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country.”Hillary Clinton delivered her speech later in the day.“ We must accept this result and then look to the
future，”she told her disappointed supporters.“ Donald Trump is going to be our president. We owe him an
open mind and the chance to lead.”
Trump's rise to the presidency comes after a long career as a realestate developer. He built skyscrapers，
resorts and golf courses. He also risked other businesses, including Trump Steaks，Trump Natural Spring
Water，and an airline called Trump Shuttle. In 2004, he became a TV star with the reality show The
Apprentice.
Now Trump and his team will have to face many difficult things. They'll have to work to bring the
country together after a divisive campaign that upset millions of Americans. Throughout the country，
millions of Americans are out of work and struggling to make ends meet. The new president must also address
international issues. They include the war on terrorism and the refugee crisis. Still, Trump says he sees a
bright future ahead.“Every single American will have the opportunity to realize his or her fullest
potential，”he told his supporters.
4. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The problems with America.
B. The challenges Trump will face.
C. Trump's ideas about his future work.
D. The decisions Trump will have to make.
Part4
高考真题再现
1. 2023 年 2 月四省联考
B
As a young girl growing up in France, Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the
world a better place. Her passion to help others was awakened when, from the age of nine, she accompanied
her Tunisian father to his birthplace in the east of the country during holidays. There she organized homeworkclubs and activities for children. Toumi witnessed first-hand the destructive effect of desertification. “Within
10 years rich farmers became worse off, and in 10 years from now they will be poor. I wanted to stop the
Sahara Desert in its tracks.” A decrease in average rainfall and an increase in the severity of droughts (干旱)
have led to an estimated 75 percent of Tunisia’s agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.
Toumi recognized that farming practices needed to change. She is confident that small land areas can
bring large returns if farmers are able to adapt by planting sustainable crops, using new technologies for water
treatment and focusing on natural products and fertilizers (肥料) rather than chemicals.
In 2012, Toumi consolidated her dream to fight the desert. She moved to Tunisia, and set up a
programme named Acacias for All to put her sustainable farming philosophy into action. “I want to show
young people in rural areas that they can create opportunities where they are. Nobody is better able to
understand the impact of desertification and climate change than somebody who is living with no access to
water.”
By September 2016, more than 130, 000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers
recording a 60 percent survival rate. Toumi estimates that some 3 million acacia trees are needed to protect
Tunisia’s farmland. She expects to plant 1 million trees by 2018. In the next couple of years, Toumi hopes to
extend the programme to Algeria and Morocco.
7. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Saving Water in Tunisia
B. Planting Trees of Native Species
C. Holding back the Sahara
D. Fighting Poverty in North Africa
C
For years, David James, who studies insects at Washington State University, had wanted to examine the
migration (迁徙)patterns of West Coast monarch butterflies (黑脉金斑蝶). The route the butterflies travel has
been hardly known because the populations are too small to follow. For every 200 monarchs tagged (打标
签)by a researcher, only one is usually recovered at the end of its trip, James says, and finding even 200 in the
wild to tag is unlikely. Knowing the route is vital to conservation efforts, but James had no way to figure it
out- until he got a phone call from Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla.The prison was looking for new activities to improve the mental health of those serving long-term
sentences. So James began working with prisoners to raise monarchs through the whole process of their
transformation. The adult insects were then tagged and released from the prison. Over five years, nearly 10,
000 monarchs flew from the facility. Elsewhere in Washington, Oregon and Idaho, researchers released
another few thousand.
The tags included email addresses, and soon after the first butterflies took off, James started receiving
messages from people who had spotted them. The butterflies, the reports confirmed, wintered in coastal
California. Twelve of them landed at Lighthouse Field State Beach in Santa Cruz. Several more headed to
Bolinas and Morro Bay.
The work helps researchers identify ideal places to plant milkweed and other vegetation that are
important to the life cycle of West Coast monarch butterflies. It also brought out the gentler side of some of
the prisoners. “They were very worried that they were going to harm the butterflies, ”James says. Watching
the monarch change their form also touched the men. “This butterfly changed, ” James recalls prisoners telling
him, “and maybe we can too. ”
11. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The impact of the research.
B. The findings of James’ study.
C. The release of the prisoners.
D. The life cycle of the butterflies.
D
We all know that unpleasant feeling when we’re talking about something interesting and halfway through
our sentence we’re interrupted. But was that really an interruption? The answer depends on whom you ask,
according to new research led by Katherine Hilton from Stanford University.
Using a set of controlled audio clips (录音片段), Hilton surveyed 5, 000 American English speakers to
better understand what affects people’s perceptions of interruptions. She had participants listen to audio clips
and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly and engaged, listening to one
another, or trying to interrupt.
Hilton found that American English speakers have different conversational styles. She identified two
distinct groups: high and low intensity speakers. High intensity speakers are generally uncomfortable withmoments of silence in conversation and consider talking at the same time a sign of engagement. Low intensity
speakers find it rude to talk at the same time and prefer people speak one after another in conversation.
The differences in conversational styles became evident when participants listened to audio clips in
which two people spoke at the same time but were agreeing with each other and stayed on topic, Hilton said.
The high intensity group reported that conversations where people spoke at the same time when expressing
agreement were not interruptive but engaged and friendlier than the conversations with moments of silence in
between speaking turns. In contrast, the low intensity group perceived any amount of simultaneous (同时)
chat as a rude interruption, regardless of what the speakers were saying.
“People care about being interrupted, and those small interruptions can have a massive effect on the
overall communication,” Hilton said. “Breaking apart what an interruption means is essential if we want to
understand how humans interact with each other.”
12. What does Hilton’s research focus on?
A. What interruptions mean to people.
B. Whether interruption is good or not.
C. How to avoid getting interrupted.
D. Why speakers interrupt each other.
2. 2023 年 1 月浙江卷
B
Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a
more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with
my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me.
I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your
best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a videoof Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A
few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it
was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had
my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I
was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I
portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely
make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you
desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others
comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals
who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. How to get on well with other family members.
B. How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D. How to control the budget when buying groceries.
D
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown
rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take
up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar
panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much
thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using
chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar
farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative SitePreparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the
land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-
impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to
the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations
over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have
passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out
pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines
for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels
into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These
pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,”
says Macknick.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
3. 2022 年 6 月新高考 1 卷
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare
clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-
breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now
found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such
as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of
researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trendarose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐),
making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later,
our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the
Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and
so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few
thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable
since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a
member of the research team.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4. 2022 年 6 月新高考 2 卷
C
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have
tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, arenow rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve
road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are
reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It
would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use
the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a
driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving
laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed
for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people
are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
5. 2022 年 6 月全国甲卷
B
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have
proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box
with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were givenfive differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be
another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to
recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric
frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in
most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than
monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of
reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on
visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
C
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins
(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a
trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as
a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from
dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world,
eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get
last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost
tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d
find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that
way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey
towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing.
Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw ahumpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.
You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that
hit home to Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
D
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its
harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks,
superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the
whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine,
and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and
they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are
increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the
1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about
itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.
It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met
a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he
told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their
culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancientcultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
6. 2022 年 6 月全国乙卷
C
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same
time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s
“eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基
础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same
thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of
railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety,
reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more
efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,
including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be
dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,
detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks,
drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones
of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very
small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With
their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react intime.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
7. 2022 年 6 月北京卷
D
Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles
on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had
exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as
someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech
companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly,
quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite
direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making
promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially
available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors,
journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their
promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other
technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it
especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you
shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for
Quantum.After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions
about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says
those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a
“useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve
otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively
comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t
know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust
Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
8. 2022 年 1 月浙江卷
C篇
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing
list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less
likely to develop dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty
women.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are
exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age could
delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”
For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired
out to measure their peak（最大值的）cardiovascular capacity.The average peak workload was measured at103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or
higher. While 92 women were in the medium fitness category; A total of 59 were of low fitness level ,with a
peak workload of 80 watts or less,or having their tests stopped because of health problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.During that
time,44 of the women developed dementia.Five percent of the highly fit women developed
dementia,compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low
fitness.
"However,this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only
shows an association.said Horder. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive
effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most
important." She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied,all of whom were from
Sweden,so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D.Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness9. 2021 年 6 月天津卷
D篇
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both
functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school,insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates
money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert,
they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an
incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People
don't just want material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交
迭）between culture and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer.Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and
discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a
nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that
people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health
compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's
wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help toimprove the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged
with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in
math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the
future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves
in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Lifewithout art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.
55．What is the best title for this passage?
A．How Art Cures Our Hearts B.Art: A Blessing to HumankindC.How Art Benefits Communities D.Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
10.2021 年 6 月新高考 1 卷
C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive
with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses
wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a
large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a
handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned
nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to
their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and
carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a
political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt
as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of
our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that
ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a
billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the
Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
D篇
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence.
Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup
that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism
and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but
most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or
bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how
best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionallyintelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect
of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重视）on emotion by employers, educators and
others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both
the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in
everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such
attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in
coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives （视角） from which to study how people
manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the
right direction.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A.Its appeal to the public. B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application. D.Scientists with new perspectives.
11.2021 年 6 月新高考 2 卷
C
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the
cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom
revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching
of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-
and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years.“I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are
shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct
contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was
a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was
not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the
young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our
creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher
12.2021 年 6 月全国甲卷
D篇
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we
want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much
more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin.
Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards
for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or
people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to
say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act
on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, reallysmart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a
genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see
flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因
素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses
come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able
to change the world."
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence D.Genius and Luck
13.2021 年 6 月全国乙卷
B篇
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a
landline（座机）?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a
mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and
receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely
only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a
third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they
never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a
factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent
of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor; I'd say
it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a homephone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people
who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess
who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning
milk deliveries?
1.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users. B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions. D.Their complex design.
14.2021 年 6 月浙江卷
B篇
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where
neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen
—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a
half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with
plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged
five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-
old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London
media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about
treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film
which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting
children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really
interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, thenbeing outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We
just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they
need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Let Children Have Fun B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children
C篇
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you
may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces,
according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像） of the same person
making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper
half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish
between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally
different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or
happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random
chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces
during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish
hetween the pictures bused on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, " said study anthor Corsin Muller.
"Instead, our results suggest that the surcessful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing
as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish
human facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different
facial expressions in humans."To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their
living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, ” and this exposure
has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies. B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study. D.An explanation of the research method.
15.2021 年 3 月天津卷
C篇
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis （催
眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of
medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.
"During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing," said Johanne
L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where
examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia （麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist—also a hypnotist—was invited to train a few members in
the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the
project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause
anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The
technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself
more and more from the procedure that follows."The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with
the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We
establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story—an injection （注
射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine
that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
"The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body
with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the
technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. "It spread like wildfire
that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had
a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training
6.What is the passage mainly about?
A.An easy way to communicate with patients.
B.The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C.An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D.The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
D篇
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little
about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular
occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to knowmore and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue
training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having
to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment
can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then
look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family
and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the
exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all
its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective
（视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a
superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of
your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they
are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study
Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally
interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on
this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the
interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe.
Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B.Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D.Ways to Become a Generalist16.
17.2021 年 1 月八省联考
B
In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon
footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment,
in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives.
Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But
one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used
traditionally produced goods?
After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let
me try to explain.
A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The
primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions(排放)of carbon dioxide(CO2)from the burning of fuels,
including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the
indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use-those related to their production and
breakdown.
Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint.
Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can
focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances(设
备)that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and
appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to
go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of
new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to
you.
4. What is the text mainly about?
A. What appliances to buy to save energy.
B. What a carbon footprint means in our life.
C. How to identify different carbon footprints.D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
D
The average bear, it seems, is getting ever smarter. First, it turned out that at least one can use a comb.
Now it appears that some can count, too.
Jennifer Vonk, of Oakland University, in Michigan, and Michael Beran, from Georgia State University,
set three American black bears the task of distinguishing between numerically larger and smaller groups of
dots(点)on a computer screen. In return for a food reward one bear, Brutus, would touch the more heavily
dotted pattern with his nose. The others, Bella and Dusty, would touch the screen with their claws(爪子).
As the researchers report in Animal Behavior, the bears did best with patterns where the coloured dots
did not move and where more of them also took up a larger coloured area. This could be explained by the
bears' distinguishing the different areas of colour rather than truly counting the dots. However, the three bears
managed to pick out the bigger number of dots even in pairs of patterns where fewer dots took up a larger
area.
Moving patterns, where each dot followed its own path around the screen, were more of a challenge. But
Brutus, at least, was not defeated. He seemed to be counting mobile dots even when the scientists tried to
mislead him by moving the total coloured area of the dots at the same time.
It is not entirely surprising that bears should have a high degree of intelligence. They face a lot of
challenges when trying to get food. They are, however, always alone, and so do not have the complex social
systems that contribute to animal smarts. Perhaps, then, their maths skill developed because they cannot count
on their friends for help.
15. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bears Taught to Distinguish Colours
B. New Evidence of Bear Intelligence Found
C. Three Bears Learned How to Count
D. The Smartest American Black Bear Brutus18.
19.2021 年 1 月浙江卷
C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to
communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of
66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and
examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional
communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of
communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human
language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from
another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages.
This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate.
In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster
immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is
that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to
humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was
praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the
results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we
are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the
meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems
the gulf remains."
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
20.2020 年全国 1 卷
D篇
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies
have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener
areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when
their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further—
changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions.
These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a
plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to
replace functions of the things that we use every day, " explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical
engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（发光） in experiments using some common
vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about
one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be
used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves
in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on andoff "switch" where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far
removed from the power source（电源）—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a
remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）. Glowing plants could reduce this
distance and therefore help save energy.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Can we grow more glowing plants? B.How do we live with glowing plants?
C.Could glowing plants replace lamps? D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
21.2020 年北京卷
A篇
Lancom is a worldwide language learning app and a leader in the online language learning industry with
millions of active subscribers. We house a broad range of experts united by the common goal of creating the
best language learning tools possible. With advice from AI specialists, art designers and culture researchers,
our multi-language experts endow （赋予）Lancom with an enormous potential for innovation within the
world of language learning. Our courses, totalling 20, 000 hours of content in 20 different languages,
guarantee you language skills you can use right away.
At the core of Lancom is a world-class effective method that enhances language learning with advanced
technology. Examples and dialogues are recorded with real native speakers instead of automatic computers.
Lancom trains your brain to learn efficiently, so you absorb more information while in the app and continue
learning outside of it. The app makes our practical language lessons available wherever and whenever. We
work directly for our learners, not for any third party. And it's all supported by an efficient customer service
team, available through telephone, email and online chat.
Millions of learners have their own stories and their own reasons for learning a new language. Lancom
cares about you and addresses your individual learning type. Lancom is the only product to offer courses
tailored to your native language, building on grammar and words you already know. Our content is about real-life topics that are relevant because we know what matters to you is what sticks best. You will find it very
rewarding to learn with Lancom.
Choose Your Subscription and Get Started
1 month 3 months 6 months 12 months
＄12.95/m ＄8.95/m ＄7.45/m ＄6.95/m
Buy with confidence: 21-day money back guarantee! If you aren't satisfied, just write to Customer
Service within 21 days.
Contact & Support: customerservice@lancom.com
1.Who can provide Lancom with a huge potential for innovation in learning?
A.Culture researchers. B.AI specialists.
C.Language experts. D.Art designers.
2.What lies at the core of the Lancom app?
A.A flexible system. B.An effective method.
C.The brain-training technique. D.The informative content.
3.Lancom claims that it is unique in its .
A.personalised courses B.multiple languages
C.pricing policy D.service team
C篇
For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-
forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French
manuscript（手稿）consisting of nearly 1, 000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to
finding the best sand.
The author's intention remains as mysterious（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking
notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills
the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it, " she says.
Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just aboutplaying around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen（工匠）who lived centuries ago
can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops
that produced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-
century English medicine for eye problems could kill a drug-resistant virus.
The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how an object was made in
order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like
before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues.
These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without
seeing works of art as they originally appeared—something Smith believes you can do only when you have a
road map.
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science
back together. She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that
highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving.
Back when science—then called "the new philosophy" —took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for
help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic
tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light.
If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best
of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors.
4.Which would be the best title for this passage?
A.Craftsmen Set the Trends for Artists B.Craftsmanship Leads to New Theories
C.Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists D.Craftsmen Reshape the Future of Science
22.2020 年全国 2 卷
B篇
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles
help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle
play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知） after controlling for differences in parents'
income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home
and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when
assessed at 54 months of age.
"The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed
their ability to rotate（旋转） and translate shapes, " Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the
children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play
with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.
However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more
spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A.Building confidence. B.Developing spatial skills.
C.Leaning self-control. D.Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?
A.Parents' age. B.Children's imagination.
C.Parents' education. D.Child-parent relationship.
3.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?
A.They play with puzzles more often. B.They tend to talk less during the game.
C.They prefer to use more spatial language. D.They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.A mathematical method. B.A scientific study.
C.A woman psychologist. D.A teaching program.
D篇I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an
enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while
other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the
library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did
everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life.
I had several children and books were our main source（来源） of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to
load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to
read to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved
it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.
Now I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the
library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library
when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven（避风港） for readers and writers,
a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗
版行为） and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage
readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about
them when you can.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Reading: A Source of Knowledge B.My Idea about Writing
C.Library: A Haven for the Young D.My Love of the Library
23.2020 全国 3
B篇
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excitedanimal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren't there to throw red paint on fur-coat-
wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising
the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using real apes（猿）!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture（动作捕捉） technology to create digitalized
animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later
processes it with computer graphics to create a final image（图像）. In this case, one of a realistic-looking
ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One
nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs
on more than 2, 000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants", "The
Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper", have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them
haven't been treated properly.
In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried;
it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films
made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
2.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A.The cost of making "Apes". B.The creation of digitalized apes.
C.The publicity about "Apes". D.The performance of real apes.
C篇
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation（孤独）, more families
are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on
the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number
of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a
washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the
ground floor."We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house, " says Kathryn Whitehead. Ria cuts in: "We spoke
more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law."
And what does Nick think? "From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it?
Yes, I think I would."
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have
been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living
together had risen from 325, 000 in 2002 to 419, 000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly
parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20%
of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all
multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly
rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family
when they get married.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.Lifestyles in different countries. B.Conflicts between generations.
C.A housing problem in Britain. D.A rising trend of living in the UK.
D篇
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists
look deeper into our genes（基因）, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few
thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in
East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation（突变） that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not
to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better
divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia
and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on
stilts（支柱） in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the land, " said Rodney C. Jubilado, a
University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living
as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much
longer than us local islanders, " Dr. Jubilado said. "I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about
the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that
made the task easier for them. "it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population, "
said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B.Highlanders' Survival Skills
C.Basic Methods of Genetic Research D.The World's Best Divers
24.2020.7 浙江
C篇
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might
help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who
were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for
eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts
of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating（刺激）, demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the
best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive（认知） function at a much slower rate than those with
the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the
participants' overall health status.
"This works just like physical exercise, " says Francisca Then, who led the study. "After a long run, you
may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work—sure, you will
feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. "It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A
waiter's job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as
stimulating as any high-level office work. And "running a family household requires high-level planning and
coordinating（协调）, " she says. "You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the
bills and groceries."
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental
influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can
only help.
3.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
25.2020.5 天津
D篇
Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking
yourself the question "why is history important" is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human
civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the
significance of history.
History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the
history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥） into our ancestral pasts,
and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which
is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide.
History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to
reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems
faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, onecan become more experienced in handling challenges of life.
History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）. Studying history can give us insight（洞察
力） into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also
provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by
ignorance（无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break
down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.
History can inspire us to learn more. What's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our
horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about
related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver
Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up
switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go
anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody.
The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely
do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.How to Build Cultural Identity B.Why Studying History Matters
C.Know the Past, Know the Present D.History: a Way to Broaden Horizons
26.2020.7 天津
B篇
"They tell me that you'd like to make a statue（塑像） of me—is that correct, Miss Vinnie Ream? "
The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. Asking a favor of the President of the United States
was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl.
"Yes, sir, " she replied, her dark eyes meeting his. "I wouldn't have dared to ask you, but my teacher, Mr.
Mills, says I am ready. I plan to make it in an admirable manner."
President Lincoln smiled. "Painters, sculptors—they've all tried to make the best of this ordinary face,
but I'm afraid there's not much hope. What did you have in mind, Miss Ream? A bust（半身像）? "Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice. "Of course—I
shouldn't have asked. A full-length pose would be much too big a project for a young woman your size."
Vinnie's face turned red. She realized she looked like a child, with her tiny figure. "Small does not mean
weak, sir, " she defended herself. "I was born in the country of Wisconsin. I've driven horses and carried
water. Making a full-length clay（粘土） figure would not exhaust my strength—and that is what I intend to
do!"
The President's eyes, brightened at her show of spirit. "Sorry, madam, I have underestimated you as I
didn't know your background."
But his smile faded as he rubbed his beard with bony fingers, in thought. "Miss Ream, " he sighed. "I'd
like to let you do it, but as you know, we are in the middle of a war. How could I possibly take the time to
pose for a sculpture now? I hardly have a minute to myself."
Vinnie glanced around and noted the size of his office. "I work quickly, " she said. Her voice was soft but
confident as she pointed to the corner near the windows. "If I were to bring my clay here and work for three
hours every afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your desk."
The President seemed to consider her idea seriously. He got up and shook Vinnie's hand warmly, "I've
heard that you are a talented young woman, and I have found you charming and intelligent as well. I cannot
make my decision immediately, but you will hear from me soon."
The very next day, Vinnie received an invitation from the President.
5.What message does the story convey?
A.A strong-willed soul can reach his goal. B.Experience helps to promote excellence.
C.Ups and downs make one strong. D.Devotion requires enthusiasm.
C篇
For people who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the
past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals
are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on
the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape.And the officer can't let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it
on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device（LRAD，远程
定向声波发射器）. It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise
from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let's say you are at the
airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming（哼唱） a short commercial song. He hums it
over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you
can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine
works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing
waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and
your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights
（聚光灯） are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a "spotsound"
creates a circle of sound in one targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores
because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the
various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are
dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
5.What does the passage focus on?
A.How professionals invented sound products.
B.Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C.The growing interest in the study of sound.
D.How sound engineers work in their studios.
27.2020.1 浙江
A篇
I never knew anyone who'd grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian.She ran Jackson's Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung
everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your
clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to read.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out
books for myself. She took me in to introduce me. "Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read
any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults." Mother said.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the
same day you'd taken it out; it made no difference to her that you'd read every word in it and needed another
to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only. So two by two, I read library books as fast as I
could go, rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to
read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing
something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of "Little Red
Riding Hood" with my brother's two daughters. She'd just look up at the right time, long enough to answer—
in character—"The better to eat you with, my dear, " and go back to her place in the magazine article.
3.Where is the text probably from?
A.A guidebook. B.An autobiography.
C.A news report. D.A book review.
C篇
Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. A key skill set for success is persistence（毅
力）, a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young
University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325
American families over several years. And over time, the persistence gained through fathers led to higher
achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers." Padilla-Walker said. "This
research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can he taught-are key to a child'slife success."
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative
parenting is not authoritarian: rigid, demanding or controlling. Rather, an authoritative parenting style
includes some of the following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father; responsibility
and the reasons behind rules are stressed; children are given an appropriate level of autonomy（自主权）.
In the study, about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A
key finding is that over time, children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to
develop persistence, which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined la to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest
that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence, which is an avenue of future
research.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers
B.Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future
C.Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father
D.Family Relationship Influences School Performance
28.2020 江苏
B篇
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We
flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs,
and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village
without running water or electricity. It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little
misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played
soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke thesame language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and
the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, "In your home, do
you have a moon too?" I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of
awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world, In Juan's world, each village could have its own
moon. In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle
and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of
Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it
seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in
part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the
world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what
we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they
appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system
discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach.
The second drawer began to fill and as it did, I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not
just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third
drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of
scientists, usually brilliant, occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see
the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the
point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery,
I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think
that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet,
when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
6.What could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A.The Possible and the Impossible B.The Known and the UnknownC.The Civilized and the Uncivilized D.The Ignorant and the Intelligent
29.2020 年海南
D篇
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that
a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480
varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet—storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a
significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own
survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller
plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never
actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree
diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals
must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes,
like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75% of their own rain. At least 80
inches of rain a year is normal—and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This
is real rain—your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm.
In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to
the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Life-Giving Rainforests B.The Law of the Jungle
C.Animals in the Amazon D..Weather in Rainforests30.2019.1 上海
B篇
MTLEDANON ICE CENTER *900 CEDAR BOULEVARD*
PITTSBURGH, PA 15228
（412）561-4363 www. mtlebanon. org
WHO: Skaters of all ages and abilities. Must be 3 years of age and potty trained.
Any Preschool Kindergarten age child who has never taken lessons at the Mr. Lebanon Ice Center needs
to be evaluated.
The On-line registration feature does not apply to evaluation registration.
Evaluation dates and times are listed below.
EVALUATIONS: Evaluations help to determine both readiness and class placement. Upon completion
of the evaluation, it is recommended that you register for classes with an associate located in the ice center
booth. A variety of days and times for the evaluations are also listed online and at the Ice Center.
Evaluation registration may be done in person or by phone at 412-561-4363.
DAY EVALUATION DATES TIME EVALUATION FEE
Saturday June 2, 2018 12:00 p.m. $5.00
Sunday June 3, 2018 12:00 p.m. $500
Monday June 4, 2018 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. $500
Wednesday June 6, 2018 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. $5.00
Thursday June 7, 20l8 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. $5.00
Additional evaluation dates may be offered for session Ⅱ.
REFUND POLICY: Refund requests must be made a minimum of 7 days prior to event. See www.
mtlebanon. org. for details.
REGISTRATION:
In person—Stop by the Mt. Lebanon Recreation Center, ground floor, Monday through Saturday 9:00a.m. 9:00 p.m. or Sunday 9:00 a.m. 5:30 p.m.
By Phone-Call the Ice Center at （412）561-4363 to schedule your skating evaluation appointment
Make checks payable to: Mt. Lebanon, PA visa, Master Card, &Debit Cards accepted
QLESTIONS: Please call the Mt. Lebanon Ice Center staff at （412）561-4363.LeboALERT-A FREE
notification service（phone, text, e-mail）. In the event of an emergency and to provide you with updates
about cancellations and recreation department programs and events. Please visit www. mtlebanon. org. and
sign up for LeboALERT. All recreation participants should sign up, and at minimum select the "Cancellations"
category.
1.What's the passage mainly about?
A.To introduce a skating program. B.To advertise a skating center.
C.To serve as a skating assessment schedule. D.To issue a free skating notification.
C篇
Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and decommissioning—and
the fears of something going badly wrong.
The future, however may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation
of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk.
These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50MW and 300MW of power compared with
the 1, 000MW-plus from a conventional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that
will reduce construction risk, which has plagued larger-scale projects. Supporters believe these advanced
modular reactors （AMRs）—most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s—are critical if atomic
power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.
"The physics hasn't changed. It's about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms
of operation, " said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear risk Insurers, which
insures nuclear sites in the UK.
Since the Fukushima meltdown in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the
biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at
Hinkley point C in Somerset; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the EuropeanPressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over
budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost
estimates.
The UK, which opened the world's first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western
nations committed to renewing its ageing fleet to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction
targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power's ability to restore
confidence.
However, the country's agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point—which together will
generate 3.2GW of electricity—has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at
different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country's future energy mix. Small
reactors, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s.
A nuclear sector deal, unveiled last month, promised up to ￡56m in funding for research and
development into AMRs and attracted interest of start-ups from around the world. The government hopes the
funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy
security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies.
4.Which of the following can serve as the best title of this passage?
A.Britain counts on nuclear energy to keep lights on
B.Traditional nuclear plants boom with mini reactors
C.Nuclear's share of power generation remain stead
D.Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to success
31.2019.3 天津
A篇
Welcome to University of Waikato. Our mission is to create a welcoming environment in which residents
feel comfortable, safe and a sense of belonging.
Student Village and Waikato Apartments
Waikato Accommodation Services offers two types of residential accommodation: Student Village andWaikato Apariments.
Student Village consists of fifteen independent units. Each contains five bedrooms, toilet facilities, and a
shared kitchen with a fridge and cupboard. There is also a games room and a TV room.
Waikato Apartments are situated in a three-level apartment building. Each level has four apartments
containing six bedrooms, toilet facilities, and a kitchen. Each level has a shared area with a TV, a study desk
and easy chairs.
Security and Safety
Campus Security is available to assist 24 hours, 7 days a week. If you see anything suspicious, please call
Campus Security on 0800863800.
Please ensure that you have your own insurance for your personal belongings as Waikato
Accommodation Services takes no responsibility for any theft or damage to personal belongings.
Housekeeping and Maintenance
Housckeeping staff service all shared areas. Residents are responsible for keeping their rooms, kitchens
and shower rooms clean and tidy.
Maintenance staff ensure necessary repairs to facilities are mads. If your room or other shared area needs
maintenance, please inform the Accommodation Office. Maintenance staff may be required to enter your
room to tend to a maintenance request—this will be prearranged.
Termination（终止）of Residence and Checking Out
You are required to pay accommodation fees for the full period of the residency contract. At the and of
your contract you must arrange a time with the office staff to cheek out. A room inspection will take place and
you will be responsible for payment for any damage or missing items. If you fail to check out in this manner,
the staff will hold an inspection in your absence and assess whether any payment is required.
5.Which of the following is the passage probably taken from?
A.A technical instruction book. B.A university newspaper.
C.A residency contract. D.A student guide.
B篇
An unpleasant smell floated into my nose as the bowl of fried stinky tofu （臭豆腐）settled onto my
grandmother's dinner table. I immediately sat back. The smell ruined my appetite, and I pushed the dish away.
"It's supposed to stink. Just give it a try!" my grandmother said.Holding my breath, I unwillingly took a bite. To my surprise, the tofu beneath the fried skin was warm,
soft, and mouthwatering. Since then, whenever I visited my grandmother's house, I would rush to the kitchen
for the stinky tofu with excitement. Thus, stinky tofu became more than a household tradition. It became my
favorite dish.
Along with the stinky tofu, I would meet my Uncle Chan on every visit. As an immature boy, I never
understood my uncle's condition of Down syndrome（唐氏综合征）. He was an unfriendly and terrible
creature in my eyes. He constantly walked around the house, talking to himself. Whenever he was within
view, I would run away in fear.
However, one day, my view of my uncle suddenly changed. I was just getting out of my bed when I
heard soft steps approaching. It was my uncle. My muscles froze. He slowly sat next to me and touched my
face gently, as a mother would stroke（抚摸） a baby. A wide smile emerged from his blank expression.
How beautiful his smile was! I could not help but smile back. My fear disappeared gradually, and my muscles
relaxed. For the first time, I could see softness and warmth in his eyes.
My uncle very much resembled stinky tofu. Stinky tofu smells unpleasant on the outside, yet feels warm
and soft on the inside. Like stinky tofu, my uncle's Down syndrome made me keep my distance at first. Yet, I
learned that deep inside, he is harmless and has a loving nature.
Some people tend to look down upon disabled people and regard them as unfit for a regular life. As I was
unable to see through the outer surface of the tofu, these people are unable to see through the surface of
prejudice （偏见）. As a result, they judge the disabled with one glance.
The outside and inside of the stinky tofu exist as two extremely different worlds. Perhaps that is what
makes it such a tasty dish. Not only is it delicious, stinky tofu offers a valuable lesson: never judge people at
first glance, for true beauty comes from the inside.
5.What does the author mainly want to tell us in the passage?
A.We shouldn't judge by appearances. B.Person's taste changes over time.
C.Blood is thicker than water. D.You are what you eat.
D篇
When I graduated from high school, I wanted to major in comparative literature. But, once I found outmy friends were going into "real" majors, like marketing, nursing, and engineering, I figured I needed to do
the same to ensure a good career. So I changed my mind and chose Business Management as my major. I
forced myself to believe that I would enjoy it and succeed in the future, but eventually I exhausted myself
understanding the economy and trying new marketing technique. Coming out of this experience, I realize it is
ok to be different from others and to study things like classics, art history and other majors offered in the
College of Humanities（人文学科）!
The worries most people have about a Humanities degree and finding a career afterwards are that the
majors are too abstract, and one will not obtain any applicable skills. Actually ideas discussed in Humanities
classes, which are occasionally different from what people commonly believe, offer a broad perspective（视
角） How could one effectively be an unbiased （无偏见的） writer with only a knowledge of the popular
opinion of society? How could one speak persuasively with closed minds? Only seeing the world through a
single perspective leads to missed learning, missed friendships, and missed growth! With a broaden
perspective, we will be more free, more open-minded, and less limited in what we can become!
STEM （science, technology, engineering, and mathematics） graduates learn actual skills in their
studies, while humanities majors learn "soft skills” like communicating effectively through writing critically
and speaking persuasively, synthesizing（综合）ideas through gathering and interpreting information, and
developing cultural awareness. Do those soft skills sound useless and inapplicable to you? Think of it. How
often do you communicate with others? Produce ideas? Encounter people from other cultures? Every day.
Every SECOND of every day. So why not master these skills?
If you choose a major in the College of Humanities, you will be needed. The job market is quickly
creating thousands of openings a week for people who can bring a humanist's grace to our rapidly evolving
high-tech future. Your skills will be valuable to any workplace you hope to be in. Chase after your dream
major with all your energy, no matter what other people think.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Stick to Your Desired Major B.Broaden your perspective
C.How to Acquire Soft Skills D.Humanities vs. STEM32.2019 江苏
B篇
In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob Christiansen became
puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before: he couldn't find the park's volcano. It
had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that's what accounted for all its hot
springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone（圆锥体）shapes of a Fuji or
Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma（岩浆）piles up. These can form remarkably quickly.
In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he
was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost
fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these
volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of
volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a
single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but
Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of
Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that
they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he
realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The
explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground
level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of
anything known to humans.
2.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A.The shapes of volcanoes. B.The impacts of volcanoes.
C.The activities of volcanoes. D.The heights of volcanoes.
D篇The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer's（阿尔兹海默症）. He was
losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his
family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep catch night
when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father.
Naomi, Melissa's best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness to
help.
"Why do this? " Steve wondered.
"Because she cares." Melissa said.
Steve nodded, tears in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she'd love to hear him play. Steve moved to the piano
and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.
Naomi put a small recorder near the piano, starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking. But
Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.
"It was beautiful." Naomi said after listening to the recording. "The music was worth saving."
Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Goodwin. It was
bidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He'd move his fingers clumsily on the
piano, and then she'd take his place. He struggled to explain what he heard in his head. He stood by the piano,
eyes closed, listening for the first time to his own work being played by someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root to end a song in a
new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn't play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he could write one last
song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording, a recording of loss and love, of the fight.
Steve called it "Melancholy Flower" .
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts, Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him
"honey" and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni
praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve's favorite, and most personal songs. With Naomi's help, theGoodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve's songs. Joni thought that would be
the end. But it wasn't.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert, Naomi told the
director she had a special one in mind: "Melancholy Flower".
She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to the playing list. But
Naomi would have to ask Steve's permission. He considered it an honor.
After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve's music was beautiful and professional. It needed to
be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day of the
show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew the path
his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded. Naomi took the
stage. Her fingers. His heart.
6.What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A.The Kindness of Friends. B.The Power of Music.
C.The Making of a Musician. D.The Value of Determination.
33.2019 全国 1.
D篇
During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which
allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens,
and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking
rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical
psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays-well-
with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:
status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed. Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. Those
who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are "most likely to
engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior."
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least
liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（ 调查研究）. "We found that the
least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who
were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just
the opposite effect on us.
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing,
kindness, openness-carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability
related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates
opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, " he
said.
2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The classification of the popular. B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills. D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Be Nice-You Won't Finish Last B.The Higher the Status, the Better
C.Be the Best-You Can Make It D.More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
34.2019 全国 2.
C篇
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she
waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's "me" time. And like moreAmericans, she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half（53 percent） have
breakfast alone and nearly half（46 percent） have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating
together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
"I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know? " Bechtel said, looking up from her book.
Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of
us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her
on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. "Today, I just wanted some time to myself, " she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes
that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if
he wants to have a little interaction（交流）. "I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the
week, " he said. "It's a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan."
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may
have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to
keep us company at the table. "It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology, "
said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.The trend of having meals alone. B.The importance of self-reflection.
C.The stress from working overtime. D.The advantage of wireless technology.
D篇
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（微生物） from our bodies grow
uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each
week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But
not just any kids. It is depending on NASAHUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers
Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years,
Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to asolution（解决方案）. "We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,
" says Florence Gold, a project manager.
"There are no tests, " Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no graded, other
than 'Are you working towards your goal? ' Basically, it's 'I've got to produce this product and then, at the end
of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and… it's not a very nice
thing at times. It's a hard business review of your product."
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（影响）on college admissions and practical life skills.
"These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria?
Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable
solution to test in space.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.NASA: The Home of Astronauts B.Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C.Nature: An Outdoor Classroom D.HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
35.2019 全国 3.
B篇
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source（来源）of inspiration for designers, " says Amanda
Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest
fashion（时尚）shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of
China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of
Chinese aesthetics（美学）on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for
centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook, " says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion
campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumersof fashion—they are central to its movement." "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being
influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera
Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down
in design and sales, " adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The
most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers, " she says. "China is no
longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are
talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and
models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C.Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D.Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
36.2019 北京卷
C篇
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers
they don't know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams（欺诈）. We are finally waking up
to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to
prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these "solutions"
（解决方案）become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future,
it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question
whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation（处理）and automation technologies
that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year's I/O Conference, a company showed
a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak toa receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that
robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches（数据侵入）
of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother's name, and far
more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people.
This means, for example, that a scammed could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to
you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller's, tricking you into "confirming" your address,
mother's name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of
business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice
manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to
work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either
developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or
abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications-using apps like Face Time
or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C.Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D.How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
D篇
By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming
climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms（海洋微生物）called phytoplankton.
Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean
surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading
to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）into the ocean
while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process
that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend.
Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not
only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that
projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple
changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make
conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. "Not only are the quantities of
phytoplankton in the ocean changing, " she said, "but the type of phytoplankton is changing."
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to
disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, "it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive." Those
kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and
unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. "It'll be a while before we can statistically show that
the changes are happening because of climate change, " Dutkiewicz said, "but the change in the colour of the
ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet."
1.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A.The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C.The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.37.2019 浙江
B篇
Money with no strings attached. It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los
Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What
You Can, Take What You Need."
People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board.
"People of all ages, races, and socio-economic （社会经济的）backgrounds gave and took, " said Tyler
Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the
board and take a few dollars." Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and
even twenties. The video clip （片段）shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.
"What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles, " Bridges said. "There's
a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most." Most people
who took dollars look only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show
generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post
their own videos on the Internet.
"After all, everyone has bad days and good days, " he said. "Some days you need a helping hand and
some days you can be the one giving the helping hand."
3.Why did Bridges carry out the project?
A.To do a test on people's morals. B.To raise money for his company.
C.To earn himself a good reputation. D.To promote kindness and sympathy.
C篇
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and
climate change seems to be a major factor（因素）.
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square
miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northerncoast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the
number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly
75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of
the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire
control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between
2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident
even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The
researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting
in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature,
dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt（融雪）.
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising
temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water
supply available to trees during the dry season.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon.
C.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D.Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California.
38.
39.2019.6 天津
B篇
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal
with books. There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook by my bedside. I was
extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say, "I can't believe what's printed inthe newspaper this morning, " made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to be like
my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like her, I
would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then
stories. It seemed an unbending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read
could open many doors. When mom said, "The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf, " I knew where the
candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself
telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge,
and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn't enjoy this type
of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I
find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a
wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these world I can become anyone. I don't
have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just
read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of
my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books
are limitless.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.The Magic of Reading B.The Pleasure of Reading
C.Growing Up with Reading D.Reading Makes a Full Man
C篇
Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing
struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often
been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That formerprisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote （《堂吉诃德》） . And the story poses an
interesting question why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while
others go to seek long before?
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about
those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on
growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of
specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are
willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things
we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are
never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is
to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to
something larger than our own little egos （自我）, whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to
some moral concept.
Many of us equate （视……等同于） "commitment" with such "caring" occupations as teaching and
nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work
toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by
being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
D.A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
5.What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A.To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B.To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C.To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D.To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.