考点3 阅读理解—普通说明文（阅读C 篇）
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是26 年新模拟题
1. 高考真题考点分布
年份
卷次
主题语境
字数
题型分类
细
节
理
解
推
理
判
断
主
旨
大
意
词
义
猜
测
2025
年
2025 全国
一卷
D 减少自来水中微塑料
330+135
2
2
0
0
2025 全国
二卷
D 餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材
334+135
1
2
1
0
C 室内植物利于身心
264+126
2
1
1
0
2025 浙江
1 月卷
C 矩阵式种植方法
299+121
1
1
1
1
2024
年
2024·新高
考I 卷
C 篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字
阅读在学习效果上的差异
323+160
1
2
0
1
D 篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数
据的科学性
366+122
1
3
0
0
2024·新高
考II 卷
B 篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快
速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭
276+126
2
2
0
0
C 篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场
272+125
2
1
1
0
D 篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能
设计:与人工智能共生的计划》
321+160
0
3
0
1
2024·全国
甲卷
B 篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为
312+124
1
1
1
1
C 篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的
圣卢卡斯列车
282+111
1
3
0
0
D 篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的
351+146
1
3
0
0
最佳结局
2024·浙江
卷1 月卷
人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发
思考
340+149
1
1
1
0
2023
年
2023·新高
考I 卷
C 篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式
322+ 107
1
2
0
1
D 篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效
339+112
1
2
1
0
2023·新高
考** 错误
的表达式
**卷
人与自然：保护城市中的野生自
然
320+156
1
3
0
0
2023·全国
甲卷
人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢
复到2000 多头
321+149
2
2
0
0
2023·全国
乙卷
人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响
295+103
2
2
0
0
2023·浙江
卷
人与社会：新型的太阳能农场
317+149
2
1
1
0
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
高考普通说明文的考查主要出现在C 篇有时还有B 篇。通过观察C 篇各个问题的信息句，命题老师的
命题点通常位于：主题句（话题句、总结句）、承上启下句、转折（对比／因果／递进／解释／并列／条
件）句中，此外比较常见的还有定语从句（状语、同位语、特殊句式）、举例项、引用、特殊标点后。
因此在阅读时，需要额外关注这些点位的句子，便于解题时快速、有效定位。
在解题时，充分利用语篇标志词，利用句子内部、句子之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。
说明文采用多种方式说明事物，如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原
因以及后果。
☞ 举例说明法，使用例子说明事物，阐明观点；
☞ 分解展开法，着重于事物的区别、差异；
☞ 分类展开法，强调事物的相像之处；
☞ 类比法，说明事物如何相似；
☞ 对比法，说明事物如何不同；
☞ 因果说明法，说明事物发生的原因及结果。
除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常使用数据，图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说
明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物特点，即抓住说明
对象的本质特征。
【备考策略】
⑴快速浏览主题
快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的
信息，并判定行文方式。
⑵速读题干，跳读定位信息
接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息
点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如
果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时
不一定要读完全文。
①对立选项通常选其一，相同意思选项同时排除；
②若该题精确定位在第二段，则精确对应在其他段落的选项再精确也不对；
③非常符合常识及人们潜意识的选项若原文没有正面回应或谈及则不是答案；
⑶题文对应
说明文答题有一个基本原则，答案往往就在原材料中。为此，必须根据题意，从原材料中找出与各个
选项相对应的句段，并从这些句段中提取有效信息，找准已知条件，作为解题的依据。这是答题的关键。
④选项与文中某处信息极为对应但其谓语动词已被偷梁换柱则不是答案；
⑤文中不同句子内容的拼凑一定不是答案；
⑥极端选项通常不是答案，除非文中有明显的对应词；
⑦过于笼统的选项只是与文章相关通常不是答案，同理，文中的细节以点概面通常也非答案；
⑷细读解题信息
最后，即紧扣题干的要求，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。
⑧由文中某处信息推理得出的若干个可能情况的相关选项通常不是答案；
⑨定位处信息要尤为注意形容词、副词、语气词及动词；
⑩细节题的考察一定注意出题人问的角度：是问细节本身还是细节在文中的作用（例子数据名言等）。
⑸逐项比较，得出最佳
做阅读理解题，切不可凭主观印象，想当然地确定答案。任何一道题目，均可以在原文中找到相关线
索，这就如同破译密码一样。做题人的思维过程和编题人的思维过程恰好相反，编题人先找好线索，然后
设计问题和选项，解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。因此，我们做题时要逐项比较，排除错误选项，
得出最佳答案。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2026 年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查
题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。
【必备基础知识】
一、【语篇特点】
普通说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的C 篇，以介绍说明型为主。说明文是对事物的形状，
性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的
关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和
距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点
在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。
二、【解题策略】
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离
句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替
作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生
完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、
推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、
综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻
辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细
节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning 的方法，迅速在
材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文
章。
考点一 普通说明文中的细节理解题
一、细节理解题方法
题型特点：考查对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等。问题通常以
“who”“what”“when”“where”“why”“how”等疑问词引导。
解题技巧：
先看题干，明确题目要求，确定关键词。关键词可以是人名、地名、时间、数字、核心名词等。
根据关键词在文中快速定位相关信息，仔细阅读定位处的上下文，与选项进行逐一对比。注意选项与
原文的表述可能存在同义替换、词性转换等情况。
对于一些较复杂的细节题，可能需要综合多个段落的信息来判断。
二、说明文中考查的细节理解题命题区域共同点：
1.在列举处命题。如用First（ly）、Second（ly）、Third（ly）、Finally、not only...but also、then、in
addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。
2.在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance 等引导的短语或句子作为例证，
这些例句通过比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。
3.在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact 等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not
so much...as 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。
4.在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并
且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。
5.在复杂句中命题。包括同位语、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间
的指代关系和语法关系的理解。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与
阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句来表达相同的意思。
1.（2025 全国二卷）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But
the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year,
Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to
an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida.
“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature
to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways
but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without
plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there
was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
……
28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A. It faced tough competition.
B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→How→ when it started
●文章定位：题干同义表达opened→started；she didn’t have high hopes for it 转折关键词But，
She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone（没想到完全出乎意料：光是2020 年6 月，
她就接到了1200 个订单。）→didn’t have high hopes for it 反义表达It went surprisingly well→D
●解析思维过程→didn’t have high hopes for it→D. It went surprisingly well（反义表达）
●故选D
29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants?
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level.
D. They enhance productivity.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→What→ Knuth’s findings
●文章定位：“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom
without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that
there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
●解析思维过程→选项同义表达productivity→productivity（原词复现）；enhance→perform better（同义表
达） →D. They enhance productivity→D
●故选D
【答案】28. D 29. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad 的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理
健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she
didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of
2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad 开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相
反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020 年6 月就寄出了1200 份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad 刚开始开网店卖
室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
29.细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students
who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.
Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich
workplaces.”(Knuth 表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种
效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低
了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth 的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中
生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
1.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8 月联考卷（二））C 篇 Tipping has long been a widely accepted
social norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip
more frequently.
Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say
they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to
be tipping our doctors and dentists, too?
As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to
leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more
frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀).
The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could
easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid
bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves.
Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from
their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy
Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a
way to feel noble.
Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically
pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip
requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected.
The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior
professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They
were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus.
Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter
service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows
that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019.
8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue?
A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services.
B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip.
C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future.
D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely.
9．The digital forms of payment have ______.
A．made tipping less than a choice
B．decreased the frequency of tipping
C．reduced social pressure related to tipping
D．removed the need for tipping altogether
10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe?
A．To reward excellent performance by people.
B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs.
C．To support workers during financial crises.
D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank.
11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______.
A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America
B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends
C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants
D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping
【答案】8．A 9．A 10．D 11．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧美的小费日益增高，人们对此表现出小费厌倦。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee.
(其他人说，他们厌倦了被要求为简单的一杯咖啡留下小费。)”可知，消费者经常要为一些简单的服务付小
费。故选A。
9．细节理解题。根据第四段“The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In
the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity —
or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers
themselves. (数字请求会产生社会压力，更难避免。过去，如果购物者没有多余的零钱，他们可以很容易地
忽略小费。如今，你的慷慨——或缺乏慷慨——可以暴露给任何靠近屏幕的人，包括工人自己。)”可知，
在电子支付盛行的今天，是否慷慨 (给的小费金额)，赤裸裸地展示在屏幕上，任何可以看到屏幕的人都知
道，并无隐私而言，而是带有一定的强制性。故选A。
10．推理判断题。根据第五段“Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and
1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. (19 世纪五六十年代，富有的美国人自己发现
了这一传统，并将其带回美国，作为一种彰显高贵的方式。)”可知，富有的美国人采用欧洲的小费传统是
为了彰显他们高贵的身份。故选D。
11．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael
Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the
COVID-19 pandemic. (疫情也加速了更多小费的趋势。消费者行为教授迈克尔·林恩表示，在新冠疫情初期，
消费者给的小费更多。)”以及最后一段“Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of
2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021,
according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. (数
据显示，2022 年第三季度，全服务餐厅的小费增长了25.3%，而快速或柜台服务餐厅的小费与2021 年同期
相比增长了16.7%。这些数据表明，自2019 年以来，这一时期一直在持续增长。)”可知，最后两段主要讲
述了新冠疫情对小费趋势的影响。故选B。
2.（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）C 篇If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re
grateful for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and
August 5, you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up
its rotation (旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.
The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon
tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000
miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer,
the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow
down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away.
The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to
28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this
case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in
question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.
Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies
found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the
speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33
milliseconds per century.
Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing
their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few
billion more years yet in their run.
8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text?
A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured.
B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed.
C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length.
D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours.
9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days?
A．The speed of the moon’s rotation.
B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit.
C．The temperature on the moon’s surface.
D．The distance from the moon to the Earth.
10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days?
A．Anxious and alarmed.
B．Indifferent and uncaring.
C．Relaxed and unworried.
D．Confused and uncertain.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role
B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation
C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle
D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable
【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章指出7 月9 日、22 日及8 月5 日地球自转加快以致白天略短，分析得出
月球轨道倾斜角度是主因，作者认为无需担忧。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段中 “On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your
full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving
from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7 月9 日，以及7 月22 日
和8 月5 日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的24 小时缩
短1.3 到1.5 毫秒。)”可知，在7 月9 日、7 月22 日和8 月5 日，地球自转速度加快，一天的时间会比平常
的24 小时少1.3 到1.5 毫秒 。故选D 项。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too,
angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits,
with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On
the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.( 然而，月球的轨道不仅是椭圆形
的，而且也是倾斜的，相对于地球赤道的角度在18°到28°之间。这个角度越尖锐，地球绕轨道运行的速度
就越快，在这种情况下，月球的引力会加速，抵消月球远地点通常会产生的减速效应。在这个夏天的三天
里，月亮将接近其28°的峰值。)”可知，月球轨道不仅是椭圆形的，而且是倾斜的，这个倾斜角度越尖锐，
地球公转速度越快，在这三天里月球接近28°的峰值，所以是月球倾斜轨道的角度主要导致了这种现象。
故选B 项。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth
and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one.
Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run.( 不管怎样，我们不需要因为白天变短而失
眠。在45 亿年的大部分时间里，地球和月球一直在跳舞，而且一直很稳定。我打赌它们还有几十亿年的生
命。)”可知，作者认为我们不需要为稍微短一点的日子而担心，地球和月球已经稳定运行了 45 亿年，还
会继续稳定运行数十亿年，所以作者对日子的变化持放松、不担心的态度。故选C 项。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you
won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋
转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7 月9 日，以及
7 月22 日和8 月5 日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的
24 小时缩短1.3 到1.5 毫秒。)”可知，文章主要讲述了在 7 月 9 日、7 月 22 日和 8 月 5 日这几天地球
自转加快，一天时间变短，分析了月球的位置（包括远地点以及轨道倾斜角度）对地球自转速度的影响，
强调了月球在其中隐藏的作用。所以A 选项“更短的日子：月球隐藏的角色”最适合作为标题。故选A
项。
考点二 说明文中的深层推断题
【题型解读】
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面
意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外
之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提
供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。
【设题趋势】
常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose 等词提问。
提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly
等。
具体的设问方式如:
What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph?
Where does this passage probably come from?
【推理判断题解题技巧】
1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项
一般具有以下特征:
(1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。
(2) 选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely 等。
(3) 正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes,
some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably 等。
【干扰选项】
张冠李戴
即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的
却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点
无中生有
这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支
撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干
曲解文意
即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句
话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原
文意思的曲解
鱼目混珠
鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义
代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义
扩缩范围
为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost,
all, nearly, more than, normally, usually 等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是
在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解
题造成干扰的命题方法
偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,
造成句意的改变
1.（2025 浙江1 月卷）
……
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the
planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.
Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to
the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
……
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens?
A. Traditional.
B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful.
D. Well-protected.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→describe→ Piet Oudolf’s gardens
●文章定位：Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to
the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of
wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle
wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
●解析思维过程→artistic flavors→playing with color and form→Beautiful year-round →the sound of grasses in
the gentle wind→the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads→Tasteful
●故选C
30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy
the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融
入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful 意为“雅致的；有品
位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy 的概括。
（2024 新课标I 卷）
……
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D .They have a strong environmental awareness.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→What can be concluded→ BMF employees
●文章定位：BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to
work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-
use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF
employee.
●解析思维过程→About half of them walk or bike to work→they encourage recycling and waste reduction by
limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic →reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our
environment→D .They have a strong environmental awareness.
●故选D
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of
them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage
cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our
environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF 员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行
车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF 的一名员工表
示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF 员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
（2026·安徽省高三上学期8 月摸底大联考）Frankie Gaw, an Asian American food creator and author of
a cookbook, is known for his unique approach to cuisine. He mixes American classics with an Asian flavor, creating
dishes like a Pop-Tart topped with strawberry litchi frosting and a Happy Meal that includes Fried pork, cucumber
salad and a Yakult. Gaw’s social media page is filled with videos of these innovative creations.
“I asked myself, If the world is much more inclusive and embraces all of these diverse flavors, what are the
things that Asian Americans would want to see?” Gaw talked about how his hit social media, cooking series
“Turning American Classics Asian”, came to be.
The idea appeared after a trip to his local supermarket. Walking through aisles ( 过道), Gaw noticed that
much of the food stocked on the shelves was similar to what he saw as a kid 20 years ago. Meanwhile, ingredients
like soy sauce and miso (味噌) were still strictly grouped in “Asian” aisles. For many immigrants and children of
immigrants, food is an important part of life. For Gaw, standing between the “Asian” aisle and the rest of the
grocery store was also symbolic of his upbringing in Cincinnati, Ohio. Growing up, Gaw felt like he was living a
double life. In public, Gaw enjoyed McDonald’s chicken and fries. At home, he feasted on his grandmother’s beef
noodle soup. It took time for him to embrace his dual taste.
Years later in his Seattle apartment, Gaw began experimenting with his childhood favorites. He changed
Campbell’s cream of mushroom soup and turned it into porridge. He added miso to the cheese. Gaw shared his food
on social media. It took off. His food and his experiences at the grocery store received strong feedback, especially
from other Asian Americans.
“Turning American classics Asian is not just about my appreciation for Asian flavors and ingredients, or
respect to American dishes. Instead, it’s my way of showing respect for both and, on a larger scale, for the
experiences of Asian Americans. Seeing this familiar food at a fast-food restaurant makes me feel like I have a seat
at the table,” he said.
4．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．Frankie Gaw focuses on preserving traditional American food.
B．Turning American Classics Asian is one of the bestsellers in America.
C．Strawberry litchi frosting isn’t a common part of the American table.
D．Asian Americans dislike the typical American dishes.
5．Why does Gaw mention his memory about “Asian” aisles in the supermarket?
A．To show his disappointment with the limited food options.
B．To express his love with Asian food.
C．To imply his embarrassment as a child of immigrants.
D．To tell us how he was inspired to make his innovations.
6．What does the underlined sentence “It took off” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Gaw’s innovation with food got mixed reactions.
B．Gaw’s new cuisine gained popularity quickly.
C．Gaw’s ideas on food were strongly objected.
D．Gaw’s creations got into a big trouble.
7．What’s the Asian American food like according to Gaw?
A．It’s a bridge for cultural integration.
B．It’s an improvement on American food.
C．It’s a reflection of the Asian people’s life.
D．It’s a proof of his preference for Asia.
【答案】4．C 5．D 6．B 7．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美籍亚裔食品创作者和食谱作者Frankie Gaw 如何将美国经
典美食与亚洲风味相结合，创造出独特的菜肴，并通过社交媒体分享他的创新作品，受到了广泛的欢迎和
反馈。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“He mixes American classics with an Asian flavor, creating dishes like a Pop-Tart
topped with strawberry litchi frosting and a Happy Meal that includes Fried pork, cucumber salad and a Yakult.(他
将美国经典与亚洲风味相结合，创造出像草莓荔枝糖霜的Pop-Tart 和包含炸猪肉、黄瓜沙拉和养乐多的开
心乐园餐这样的菜肴。)”可知，草莓荔枝糖霜不是美国餐桌上常见的部分，而是Frankie Gaw 的创新。故选
C 项。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段“The idea appeared after a trip to his local supermarket.(这个想法是在他去当地
一家超市购物后萌生的。)”以及“For Gaw, standing between the “Asian” aisle and the rest of the grocery store
was also symbolic of his upbringing in Cincinnati, Ohio. Growing up, Gaw felt like he was living a double life. (对
Gaw 而言，站在超市的“亚洲食品区”与其他区域之间，这一场景也象征着他在俄亥俄州辛辛那提市的成
长经历。年少时，Gaw 总觉得自己过着双重生活。)”可知，Gaw 提到超市里“亚洲”过道的记忆，是因为
这个经历让他产生了将美国经典美食亚洲化的想法，是在告诉我们他是如何受到启发进行创新的，故选D
项。
6．词句猜测题。根据第四段“His food and his experiences at the grocery store received strong feedback,
especially from other Asian Americans.(他创作的美食以及他在超市的那段经历获得了热烈的反响，尤其是来
自其他亚裔美国人的反馈)”可知，他的食物和他在杂货店的经历收到了强烈的反馈，尤其是来自其他亚裔
美国人的反馈。由此可推知，“It took off.”意思是Gaw 的新美食很快受到了欢迎。故选B 项。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Turning American classics Asian is not just about my appreciation for Asian
flavors and ingredients, or respect to American dishes. Instead, it’s my way of showing respect for both and, on a
larger scale, for the experiences of Asian Americans. (将美国经典美食亚洲化，不仅仅是出于我对亚洲风味与
食材的喜爱，也不只是对美国菜肴的尊重。相反，这是我向两者表达敬意的方式，并且从更广泛的层面来
说，也是对亚裔美国人生活经历的尊重)”可知，将美国经典美食亚洲化不仅仅是Gaw 对亚洲风味和食材的
欣赏，或是对美国菜肴的尊重，更是他对两者表示尊重的方式，从更大层面来说，是对亚裔美国人经历的
尊重。由此可推知，在Gaw 看来，亚裔美国食物是文化融合的桥梁，故选A 项。
考点三 推理判断题之预测文章走势
根据阅读文章全部内容推断文章的未来走势。预测文章走势的方法：1.利用文章最后一段的内容，预测作
者未来要写的方向；2.根据文章的第一段内容，预测文章的前面可能写的内容；3.理清文章的写作思路，把握
文章的重要内容及写作方法是预测文章走势的根本。
常见的设问方式：
1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph?
2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph?
3．What would the author most probably discuss next?
4．Where does the article go next?
5.What would the following paragraph talk about?
规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？
有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务
必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而
做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。
1.(2025 全国一卷B 篇片段)
…
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】B
【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the author, continue talking about。
第二步：根据题干定位到第三段(最后一段)的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s
no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一
件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。
第三步：比对选项得出答案B。
2. (2025 全国二卷B 篇片段)
For many centuries, people used windmills to grind ( 磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep
underground when electricity was discovered in the 1ate 1800s,people living in remote areas began to use them to
produce electricity. This al1owed them to people in almost all1 areas of the United States, windmills were rarely
used. During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and
gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.
Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more
and more of our electricity through the use of wind.
What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A. The advantage of wind power.
B. The design of wind power plants.
C. The worldwide movement to save energy.
D. The global trend towards producing power from wind.
【答案】
【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the author, probably discuss, in the paragraph that follows。
第二步：根据题干定位到文章最后一段的“During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about
the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply
of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is
a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind . ( 在20 世纪70 年代，人
们开始担心煤炭和天然气燃烧发电造成的污染。人们还意识到，煤炭和天然气的供应不会永远持续下去。
然后，风能被重新发现，尽管这意味着更高的成本。今天，全球正在进行一场运动，希望通过使用风能提
供越来越多的电力。)”可知，最后一段讲述了二十世纪七十年代，人们更加注重环保，而且认识到煤和气
的短缺；而尽管成本较高，但是风能的特点是洁净并丰富的。如今，全球范围内正在发起利用风能发电的
运动。因此推断下一段将会讲述全球利用风能发电的情况。
第三步：比对选项得出答案D。
（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Proper questioning has become a lost art. The
curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions—incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?” might sound familiar
—but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we found
that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of questions.
But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the drop off?
Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are that you received the most recognition or
reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those
who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being
distanced, or considered a threat.
Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it
should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the
unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow
down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst, we’ll
avoid a lot of rework later on.
Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions
can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the
problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it
narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to
feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a
goal.
8．What does the underlined word “incessant” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A．Simple.
B．Random.
C．Constant.
D．Annoying.
9．What accounts for the decline of questioning in adulthood?
A．One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions.
B．Adults don’t get as many chances as they did in childhood.
C．Those who question popular beliefs are thought to be wise.
D．Those asking questions don’t always get positive feedback.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions.
B．Decisions made in a hurry may turn out to be wrong.
C．Better questions can surely bring desirable outcomes.
D．More attention should be paid to making conclusions.
11．What might the author continue talking about?
A．Proper questions that should be raised.
B．Important goals that we are to achieve.
C．Right kinds of answers to the questions. D．Ways to expand our view of the problem.
【答案】8．C 9．D 10．B 11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了恰当的提问已经成为一门失传的艺术，分析了原因以及鼓励人们恰
当的提问。
8．词句猜测题。根据第一段“The curious four-year-old(好奇的四岁孩子以及)”“以及as we grow older, our
questioning decreases(但随着年龄的增长，我们的提问会减少)”可知，这个好奇的四岁孩子问了很多问题
——没完没了地问“为什么?”和“为什么不呢？所以划线词的意思是“持续不断的”。故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are you received the
most recognition or reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we
often reward those who answer questions, not those who ask them.(回想一下你在学校的成长过程。当你得到正
确答案时，你可能会得到最多的认可或奖励。在以后的生活中，这种动力会继续存在。在工作中，我们经
常奖励那些回答问题的人，而不是那些提出问题的人)”可知，提问题的人不一定能得到积极的反馈是致了
成年后提问的减少的原因。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to
“get it done now” to “it should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more
questions. And the unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making.(因为对决策的
期望已经从“尽快完成”变成了“现在完成”，再变成了“昨天就应该完成”，我们倾向于直接下结论，
而不是问更多的问题。没有问足够多的问题的副作用是糟糕的决策)”可知，匆忙做出的决定可能会被证明
是错误的。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a
goal.(因此，问正确的问题是实现目标的关键)”可知，接下来要讨论应该提出适当的问题。故选A。
考点四 考查推理判断之写作方法
推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了
解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作
方法上它们是相通的。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
（1）How is the passage organized?
（2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n） __________.
（4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________.
了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比
等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试
题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的
目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为
了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
(2025 全国一卷D 篇片段)
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea
and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic
snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
…
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quoting an expert.
B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples.
D. By providing statistics.
【答案】C
【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词How, present the issue, the first paragraph。
第二步：根据题干关键词定位到第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution
across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks,
filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside
humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，
填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通过举例提出微
塑料污染的问题。温馨提醒：关注破折号和冒号解释说明作用。
第三步：比对选项得出答案C。
（2026·安徽省高三上学期8 月摸底大联考）Through evolution, animals have developed numerous ways
to protect themselves from predators (捕食者). Turtles hide in their shells, and skunks (臭鼬) use smelly liquid. But
these defenses don’t work against cars. Environmental journalist Ben Goldfarb explains, “When facing a car, these
defenses are useless — or even harmful. Staying still is the worst choice. Roadkill is a serious threat to wildlife.”
Roads also act as barriers, preventing animals from moving freely. The constant traffic on highways creates
what scientists call a “moving fence”— a wall of vehicles that animals avoid crossing. While we often see dead
animals like deer or squirrels on roads, we don’t see the ones that never try to cross. This isolation can harm animal
populations more than roadkill itself.
Chemicals from roads also damage the environment. Every year, the U. S. uses 20 million tons of road salt to
melt ice, which pollutes nearby soil and plants. Cars release metals like zinc and copper, and tires leave behind
microplastics. These pollutants make roadsides dangerous for creatures like monarch butterflies, even though these
areas could otherwise be good habitats.
Roadsides sometimes attract animals with food like flowers or berries, but this becomes an “ecological trap”.
Animals are drawn to these resources, only to face the danger of traffic.
Interestingly, when traffic decreases, animals quickly adapt. Researchers in the Bay Area found that when
cars disappeared for months, white-crowned sparrows — small songbirds — started singing more complex and
varied songs. Without traffic noise, they no longer needed to “shout” and could return to their natural behaviors.
This shows how much roads affect wildlife — but also how adaptable animals can be.
Despite these challenges, Goldfarb says, certain species have made remarkable adaptations. He notes that
Chicago’s urban foxes are said to look both ways before crossing the street. “We think about roads as these forces
that are universally or exclusively harmful to animals, and certainly they’re incredibly destructive,” he says. “But
wildlife is also impressively adaptive and clever and animals are finding ways to make a living in our midst.”
8．How does the author start the text in the first paragraph?
A．By stating a reason.
B．By providing statistics.
C．By defining a concept.
D．By giving examples.
9．What harmful impact do roads have on wildlife?
A．Less food supply.
B．Restricted movement.
C．Increased predators.
D．Species extinction.
10．What can we infer from Goldfarb’s words in the last paragraph?
A．Roads are not truly harmful to wildlife.
B．Urban foxes seldom get hit by vehicles.
C．Animals adapt cleverly to dangerous roads.
D．Wildlife protection deserves highest attention.
11．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A．To advocate reducing traffic.
B．To preserve wildlife diversity.
C．To analyze roads’ effects on wildlife.
D．To highlight roadkill danger to animals.
【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了道路对野生动物产生的多方面影响，包括道路致死、阻碍迁徙、
造成污染以及形成生态陷阱等，同时也提到了动物在交通减少时的适应能力和某些物种的适应性变化。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Through evolution, animals have developed numerous ways to protect themselves
from predators (捕食者). Turtles hide in their shells, and skunks (臭鼬) use smelly liquid. (通过进化，动物发展
出了许多保护自己免受捕食者伤害的方法。乌龟躲在壳里，臭鼬使用有臭味的液体。)”可知，作者在第一
段通过列举乌龟和臭鼬保护自己的例子开启全文。故选D 项。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Roads also act as barriers, preventing animals from moving freely. The constant
traffic on highways creates what scientists call a “moving fence” — a wall of vehicles that animals avoid crossing.
(道路还起到了屏障的作用，阻碍动物自由活动。高速公路上川流不息的车辆形成了科学家们所说的“移动
围栏”——一道由车辆组成的墙，动物们会避开穿越这道墙。)”可知，道路对野生动物的有害影响之一是
限制了它们的活动。故选B 项。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He notes that Chicago’s urban foxes are said to look both ways before
crossing the street. “We think about roads as these forces that are universally or exclusively harmful to animals, and
certainly they’re incredibly destructive,” he says. “But wildlife is also impressively adaptive and clever and animals
are finding ways to make a living in our midst.” (他指出，芝加哥的都市狐狸过马路时据说会左右张望。“我
们总把道路看作对动物普遍或唯一有害的力量，它们确实极具破坏性，”他说，“但野生动物也展现出惊
人的适应能力和智慧，许多动物正在我们身边找到生存之道。”)”可知，从Goldfarb 的话中可以推断出动
物能聪明地适应危险的道路环境。故选C 项。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But these defenses don’t work against cars. Environmental journalist Ben
Goldfarb explains, “When facing a car, these defenses are useless — or even harmful. Staying still is the worst
choice. Roadkill is a serious threat to wildlife.” (但这些防御手段在汽车面前毫无用处，甚至还会带来危害。环
境记者Ben Goldfarb 解释道：“面对汽车时，这些防御方法不仅没用，甚至可能有害。一动不动是最糟糕
的选择。道路致死是野生动物面临的一个严重威胁。”)”并结合全文内容可知，文章围绕道路对野生动物
的影响展开，依次阐述了公路导致的路杀现象以及公路阻碍动物迁徙、带来化学污染、形成“生态陷阱”
等负面影响，同时也提到了部分物种的适应性调整。整体是在分析公路对野生动物多方面的影响。故选C
项。
考点五 考查推理判断之写作态度
推理判断之写作态度考点是高考中的常考点。作者发表文章总有自己的观点和主张，也会自然流露出对
某事的态度。做这类题时，我们一定要站在作者的角度上看问题。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
1.What is the author’s attitude to ......?
2. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to......?
3. The author’s attitude towards ....... may best be described as .
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；
反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表
达，如possible, impossible, seem, strange 等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、
态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正
确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；
disappointed(失望的)等。
中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
1.（2024 全国甲卷）
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five
government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an
average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with
basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.
B. Doubtful
C. Ambiguous.
D. Cautious.
【答案】A
【解析】推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working
and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best
chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生
活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke 说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要
的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke 对Saint Lukas 的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
2.（2021 年新高考I 卷之D 篇）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many
people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot
be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.”
Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far
beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad
purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to
help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not
necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this
popularization is a new and much needed emphasis ( 重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others
interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will
excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades,
advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable.
B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful.
D. Unclear.
【答案】A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …
The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是
利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、
迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选
A 项。
（2026·安徽省蚌埠市高三上学期开学）If you’re the kind of person who gets a lot done, you’re grateful
for every one of the 86,400 seconds that make up a day. On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5,
you won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation
(旋转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.
The likeliest cause is the position of the moon. Lunar distance is an always-changing thing, with the moon
tracing an elliptical(椭圆的) orbit around the Earth. At its closest approach—or perigee—the moon is only 224,000
miles distant. At its furthest—or apogee—that gap widens to 251,655 miles. On the three speedy days this summer,
the moon will be at or near apogee—which is a puzzle, since lunar gravity is such that the Earth tends to slow
down, not speed up, when the moon is farther away.
The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too, angled anywhere from 18° to
28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits, with lunar gravity in this
case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On the three days in
question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.
Climate change—again and seemingly always—may play a role too. Last year, two NASA-funded studies
found that since 2000, melting glaciers have caused the axis(轴) of the planet to shift by about 30 ft, changing the
speed of rotation. The catch is, in this case the change causes the planet to decelerate, not speed up—by about 1.33
milliseconds per century.
Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth and the moon have been doing
their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one. Here’s betting they’ve got a few
billion more years yet in their run.
8．What will happen on July 9, July 22, and August 5 according to the text?
A．Lunar distance will decrease greatly, changing how time is measured.
B．The moon’s gravity will weaken, reducing Earth’s rotation speed.
C．Climate change will speed up ice melting, affecting day length.
D．The Earth will rotate faster, making the day less than 24 hours.
9．What mainly causes the phenomenon on those days?
A．The speed of the moon’s rotation.
B．The angle of the moon’s cockeyed orbit.
C．The temperature on the moon’s surface.
D．The distance from the moon to the Earth.
10．What is the author’s attitude towards the change of the days?
A．Anxious and alarmed.
B．Indifferent and uncaring.
C．Relaxed and unworried.
D．Confused and uncertain.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．Shorter Days: The Moon’s Hidden Role
B．Climate Change: Speeding Up Earth’s Rotation
C．Earth’s Rotation: A 4. 5-Billion-Year-Old Puzzle
D．Lunar Orbit: Always Changing and Unpredictable
【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章指出7 月9 日、22 日及8 月5 日地球自转加快以致白天略短，分析得出
月球轨道倾斜角度是主因，作者认为无需担忧。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段中 “On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you won’t get your
full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋转), shaving
from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7 月9 日，以及7 月22 日
和8 月5 日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的24 小时缩
短1.3 到1.5 毫秒。)”可知，在7 月9 日、7 月22 日和8 月5 日，地球自转速度加快，一天的时间会比平常
的24 小时少1.3 到1.5 毫秒 。故选D 项。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“The moon’s orbit is not only elliptical, however, but cockeyed(倾斜的) too,
angled anywhere from 18° to 28° relative to the Earth’s equator. The sharper that angle is the faster the Earth orbits,
with lunar gravity in this case speeding things up, offsetting the slowing effect that lunar apogee usually applies. On
the three days in question this summer, the moon will be close to its 28° peak.( 然而，月球的轨道不仅是椭圆形
的，而且也是倾斜的，相对于地球赤道的角度在18°到28°之间。这个角度越尖锐，地球绕轨道运行的速度
就越快，在这种情况下，月球的引力会加速，抵消月球远地点通常会产生的减速效应。在这个夏天的三天
里，月亮将接近其28°的峰值。)”可知，月球轨道不仅是椭圆形的，而且是倾斜的，这个倾斜角度越尖锐，
地球公转速度越快，在这三天里月球接近28°的峰值，所以是月球倾斜轨道的角度主要导致了这种现象。
故选B 项。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Anyway, we don’t need to lose sleep over the slightly shorter days. The Earth
and the moon have been doing their dance for the better part of 4.5 billion years, and it’s always been a stable one.
Here’s betting they’ve got a few billion more years yet in their run.( 不管怎样，我们不需要因为白天变短而失
眠。在45 亿年的大部分时间里，地球和月球一直在跳舞，而且一直很稳定。我打赌它们还有几十亿年的生
命。)”可知，作者认为我们不需要为稍微短一点的日子而担心，地球和月球已经稳定运行了 45 亿年，还
会继续稳定运行数十亿年，所以作者对日子的变化持放松、不担心的态度。故选C 项。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“On July 9, however, as well as on July 22, and August 5, you
won’t get your full complement of seconds. On these days the Earth will be measurably speeding up its rotation (旋
转), shaving from 1.3 to 1.5 milliseconds off of the usual 24 hours the typical day gets.( 然而，在7 月9 日，以及
7 月22 日和8 月5 日，你不会得到你的全部秒数。在这些日子里，地球的自转速度将明显加快，从通常的
24 小时缩短1.3 到1.5 毫秒。)”可知，文章主要讲述了在 7 月 9 日、7 月 22 日和 8 月 5 日这几天地球
自转加快，一天时间变短，分析了月球的位置（包括远地点以及轨道倾斜角度）对地球自转速度的影响，
强调了月球在其中隐藏的作用。所以A 选项“更短的日子：月球隐藏的角色”最适合作为标题。故选A
项。
考点六 考查说明文的主旨大意
题型特点：考查对文章整体内容的概括和归纳能力，包括文章的主旨、标题、段落大意等。常见的提
问方式有“What is the main idea of the passage?”“The best title for the passage might be...”“What
does the first/second/... paragraph mainly talk about?”等。
解题技巧：
关注文章的首段和尾段，这两个部分往往是文章主旨的集中体现。首段可能引出话题，提出中心论
点；尾段可能总结全文，再次强调主旨。
分析文章的结构，如果是“总 - 分”结构，开头的总述部分就是主旨；如果是“总 - 分 - 总”结
构，首尾的总结部分是关键；如果是递进式结构，要综合各段落内容，找出贯穿全文的核心线索。
对于标题类题目，标题要简洁明了，能够准确概括文章的主要内容，同时具有一定的吸引力。避免选
择过于宽泛或过于具体的选项。
1. (2025 全国二卷D 篇片段)
…
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all
the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider
serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated
and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
…
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
【答案】C
【解析】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词paragraph 5。
第二步：根据关键词定位到文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was
technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce
that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and
cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
(值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED 的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大
多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都
被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED 菜单上的菜品
所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么
做成的。
第三步：比对选项得出答案C。
2.（2020·全国新课标II）
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help
children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method.
B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist
D．A teaching program.
【答案】27．B
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
27．主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以
是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
3.（2023 年1 月·浙江卷）
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown
rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a
lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be
installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought
to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control
weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation
and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the
easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a
shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D．Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】 D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型
的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed
the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and
carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的
庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的
发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场
的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D 项。
1.（2026·江苏省南京市六校联合体高三学情调研）A leading fossil expert has suggested that the climate
crisis might make humans smaller over time because smaller mammals often handle rising temperatures better.
Steve Brusatte, a fossil expert from the University of Edinburgh, thinks looking at how animals dealt with
past climate changes can help us guess what might happen to humans. For example, about 55 million years ago,
when the world got hotter, early horses became smaller. He wonders if humans could follow a similar pattern.
In his book The Rise and Reign of the Mammals, Brusatte talks about something called Bergmann’s rule. It’s
an idea that animals in warm places are usually smaller than those in cold areas. “We’re not sure exactly why,” he
explains, “but smaller animals probably have an advantage. Their bodies have more surface area compared to their
size, which helps them emit extra heat more easily.”
Brusatte says getting smaller is “a common way mammals survive when the climate changes fast.” He adds,
“Not every mammal would shrink, but it’s a trick many use when temperatures rise quickly. So could humans get
smaller if it gets hot fast? I think that’s possible.”
But not all experts agree. Adrian Lister, from London’s Natural History Museum, says the link between heat
and shrinking in mammals isn’t strong, especially for humans. “Natural selection doesn’t control us like it used to,”
he argues. “For humans to get smaller, bigger people would have to die before having kids because of the heat. But
that’s not happening. We have clothes, heaters, and air conditioners to handle temperature changes. These things
reduce the need for our bodies to evolve to cope with heat.”
So while some think humans might shrink due to climate change, others doubt it. It’s an interesting debate—
one that shows how nature and human technology might shape our future.
28．Why does Steve Brusatte mention early horses that lived 55 million years ago?
A．To confirm Bergmann’s rule applies universally.
B．To suggest humans are bound to become smaller.
C．To demonstrate temperature’s effect on horse evolution.
D．To show how mammals adapted to historical climate shifts.
29．What can be learned from Bergmann’s rule as explained in the passage?
A．Surface area alone affects animals’ heat emission.
B．Smaller animals are more adaptable to warm environments.
C．Warm-region mammals evolve faster than cold-region ones.
D．Smaller animals will replace larger ones as the climate warms.
30．What does Adrian Lister imply about human evolution?
A．Humans tend to grow larger in hot climates.
B．Natural selection still shapes human body size.
C．Climate change no longer affects human evolution.
D．Technology reduces the need for climate adaptation.
31．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Climate crisis’s impact on human size evolution.
B．Modern technology’s impact on natural selection.
C．Mammal evolution in response to climate change.
D．The application of Bergmann’s rule in modern society.
【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候变化是否会影响人类体型大小进化的问题。一些专家认
为，随着气候变暖，小型哺乳动物通常能更好地应对高温，因此人类可能会逐渐变小。然而，还有一些专
家认为，由于人类技术的发展，如衣服、暖气和空调等，已经减少了身体需要进化来应对温度变化的必要
性，因此气候变化可能不再影响人类进化。
28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Steve Brusatte, a fossil expert from the University of Edinburgh, thinks looking
at how animals dealt with past climate changes can help us guess what might happen to humans. For example,
about 55 million years ago, when the world got hotter, early horses became smaller. (来自爱丁堡大学的化石专家
Steve Brusatte 认为，观察动物如何应对过去的气候变化可以帮助我们猜测人类可能会发生什么。例如，大
约5500 万年前，当世界变得更热时，早期的马变得更小。)”可知，他通过这一例子来展示哺乳动物是如何
适应气候变化的，因此D 选项“To show how mammals adapted to historical climate shifts.(为了展示哺乳动物
是如何适应历史上的气候变化的。)”符合题意。故选D。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It’s an idea that animals in warm places are usually smaller than those in cold
areas. “We’re not sure exactly why,” he explains, “but smaller animals probably have an advantage. Their bodies
have more surface area compared to their size, which helps them emit extra heat more easily.”(这是一种观点，认
为生活在温暖地方的动物通常比生活在寒冷地区的动物要小。“我们还不太确定具体的原因，”他解释道，
“但是小型动物可能具有某种优势。与它们的体型相比，它们的身体拥有更大的表面积，这有助于它们更
容易地散发多余的热量。”)”可知，此处解释了Bergmann 法则即生活在温暖地方的动物通常比生活在寒冷
地区的动物小，且小型动物在散热方面具有优势。因此，B 选项“Smaller animals are more adaptable to
warm environments.(小型动物更适应温暖的环境)”符合题意。故选B。
30．推理判断题。Adrian Lister 在第五段中提到“We have clothes, heaters, and air conditioners to handle
temperature changes. These things reduce the need for our bodies to evolve to cope with heat.(我们有衣服、加热
器和空调来处理温度变化。这些东西减少了我们的身体为了应对热量而进化的需要。)”可知，他认为技术
减少了人类为适应气候而进化的需求。因此，D 选项“Technology reduces the need for climate adaptation.(技
术减少了适应气候的需求)”符合题意。故选D。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“A leading fossil expert has suggested that the climate crisis might make
humans smaller over time because smaller mammals often handle rising temperatures better.( 一位顶尖的化石专
家提出，气候危机可能会使人类随着时间的推移而体型变小，因为体型较小的哺乳动物通常能更好地应对
温度上升的情况。)”以及通读全文可知，文章开头就提出了化石专家Steve Brusatte 的观点，即气候危机可
能会使人类逐渐变小，因为小型哺乳动物通常能更好地应对高温。接下来的内容都是围绕这一观点展开的，
包括其他专家对这一观点的看法和争议，由此讨论的是气候危机对人类体型进化的影响。因此，A 选项
“Climate crisis’s impact on human size evolution.(气候危机对人类体型进化的影响。)”概括了文章的主旨大
意。故选A。
2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9 月月考）The best and most-commonly used sources for
the pills we have are oily fish like salmon (鲑鱼), mackerel (鲭鱼) and sardine (沙丁鱼). Many environmentalists
fear that some species are being overfished for this purpose. We may have an endless voracity for fish oil, but we
don’t have an endless supply of fish.
Menhaden (鲱鱼), which is described as “a big-headed, smelly, foot-long fish”, is in great danger. Although
prized for dinner in the 18th century, the species has become the unknown victim of the fish oil business, which
presents us with potential selfish. Menhaden feeds almost entirely on algae ( 海藻) and is especially good at
changing it into omega-3 fatty acids, which make it a good target for fish oil companies.
One particular company, Protein of Houston, has been fishing 90 percent of the country’s menhaden. It’s
become such a big problem that 13 of the 15 Atlantic states have banned the company’s boats from their waters. Yet
the company is still allowed to fish in North Carolina and Virginia, as well as federal waters; the company’s efforts
result in the removing of half a billion menhadens every year.
Aside from a public natural resource running out for a company’s private profit, the damage to the ecosystem
is the cause for alarm. The muddy brown colour of the Long Island Sound is the direct result of lacking water
filtration (过滤) — a job that was once done by menhaden.
Menhaden keeps the ocean waters of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts clean. A menhaden filters four to six
gallons of water of algae in a minute, which prevents underwater dead zones.
Measures should be taken to avoid the overfished situation. Plant seeds such as flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp
seeds, and sesame seeds — and particularly their oils — are good vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids,
although the mix of specific acids is different from which one can get from fish.
4．What does the underlined word “voracity” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Trouble.
B．Shortage.
C．Resource.
D．Appetite.
5．Why does menhaden become a good fish for companies to make pills?
A．It is good at forming omega-3 fatty acids.
B．It feeds mainly on the harmful algae.
C．It is well-known for its rich protein.
D．It is relatively easy for companies to catch.
6．What does the author intend to suggest us in the last paragraph?
A．To grow more plants for their seeds to make oil.
B．To use some substitutes instead of more fish oil.
C．To call on the government to make laws in fishing.
D．To take part in more activities to protect the environment.
7．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Broken Natural Ecosystem
B．The Process of Making Fish Oil
C．Bad Effects of Fish Oil Making
D．How to use natural resources.
【答案】4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了因制作鱼油丸，鲱鱼被过度捕捞，生态系统遭破坏，作者呼
吁寻找替代品。
4．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“We may have an endless voracity for fish oil, but we don’t have an endless
supply of fish.(我们可能对鱼油有着无尽的voracity，但我们的鱼类供应并不是无穷无尽的。)”可知，此处表
示人类对鱼油的需求很大，voracity 意思是“胃口，需求”。故选D。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Menhaden feeds almost entirely on algae (海藻) and is especially good at
changing it into omega-3 fatty acids, which make it a good target for fish oil companies.(鲱鱼几乎完全以海藻为
食，尤其擅长将其转化为欧米伽-3 脂肪酸，这使它成为鱼油公司的好目标。)”可知，鲱鱼擅长形成欧米
伽-3 脂肪酸，所以成为制作鱼油丸的好原料。故选A。
6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Measures should be taken to avoid the overfished situation. Plant seeds such as
flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and sesame seeds — and particularly their oils — are good vegetarian sources
of omega-3 fatty acids, although the mix of specific acids is different from which one can get from fish.(应该采取
措施避免过度捕捞的情况。植物种子，如亚麻籽、奇亚籽、大麻籽和芝麻籽——尤其是它们的油——是欧
米伽-3 脂肪酸的良好素食来源，尽管特定酸的混合物与从鱼中获取的不同。)”可知，作者在最后一段建议
使用一些替代品来代替更多的鱼油。故选B。
7．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是结合第二段中“Menhaden (鲱鱼), which is described as “a big-headed,
smelly, foot-long fish”, is in great danger.(鲱鱼被描述为“头大、有臭味、一英尺长的鱼”，它正处于极大的
危险之中。)”以及第四段中“Aside from a public natural resource running out for a company’s private profit, the
damage to the ecosystem is the cause for alarm.(除了公共自然资源因公司私利而枯竭外，对生态系统的破坏也
令人担忧。)”可知，文章主要讲述了因制作鱼油丸，鲱鱼被过度捕捞，生态系统遭破坏，作者呼吁寻找替
代品。故C 项“Bad Effects of Fish Oil Making(制作鱼油的负面影响)”最适合作为文章标题。故选C。
考点七 考查词义猜测题
通过阅读理解中的猜测词义，考查考生推测词义的能力、培养学生整体把握文章内容，不拘泥于细节，
对于生词可以通过上下文理解其含义。猜测词义的考查类型：1.单个单词的意思；2.考查短语的意思；3.考
查句子的意思；4.考查代词的意思；5.考查熟词生意；6.考查生词生意。
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
1. What do the underlined words “......” mean in paragraph 7?
2． What does “......” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
3． The word "......" in paragraph 2 means _________?
4．What do the underlined words “......” probably mean?
规律方法
此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转
化法和合成法，现在高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题考查派生和合成词形式的较少，主要是需要利用上下
文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测
词义。
（2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷）C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude( 独处) and the
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for
your particular circumstances.
( )29.What does the underlined word“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Clear-up.
B.Add-on.
C.Check-in.
D.Take-over.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一本有关数字极简主义的书的具体内容。
29.A 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online
activities for thirty days.”可知,这个过程要求你在30 天内远离可选的在线活动。由此推知,画线词所在句意为
“第一部分通过介绍我建议的采用这一哲学的方法:数字清理进行了总结”,因此画线词的含义为“清理”。
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.（2026·安徽省江淮十校高三上学期8 月第一次联考）In recent years, the concept of “slow travel” has
emerged as a reaction to the fast paced, mass tourism that dominates the industry. Slow travel encourages travelers
to engage profoundly with local cultures, stay longer in destinations, and form meaningful connections with local
communities.
One of the key principles of slow travel is to reduce environmental impact. By choosing to stay in locally-
owned accommodations, eating at family-run restaurants, and using public transportation or bicycles, travelers can
significantly decrease their carbon footprint. For instance, a study found that tourists who engage in slow travel
produce up to 70% less greenhouse gas emissions compared to those on traditional package tours.
Slow travel also allows for a deeper cultural understanding. Instead of rushing through tourist attractions,
slow travelers take the time to participate in local traditions, learn about historical significance, and interact with
residents. This not only enriches the travel experience but also provides economic benefits to local communities. In
some rural areas, slow travel initiatives have helped preserve endangered crafts and revitalize (使恢复元气) dying
traditions.
However, slow travel is not without challenges. It requires more planning and flexibility, as travelers need to
research local customs, transportation options, and authentic experiences. Additionally, slow travel may not be
feasible for everyone due to time or budget constraints ( 约束). For busy professionals or families with limited
vacation days, spending weeks in a single destination may seem unrealistic.
Despite these challenges, the slow travel movement continues to grow. Travelers are becoming more
conscious of their environmental and cultural impact, and many are seeking more authentic and sustainable ways to
explore the world. As a result, travel companies are starting to offer more slow-travel options. such as extended
homestays and cultural immersion programs.
8．What is the benefit of slow travel?
A．It can save money on traveling.
B．It can be more environmentally friendly.
C．It can allow travelers to visit more places hurriedly.
D．It can increase the financial income of travel companies.
9．What can we learn about slow travel from the third paragraph?
A．It has little impact on local economies.
B．It focuses on superficial interactions with locals.
C．It discourages travelers from learning about history.
D．It may contribute to the preservation of traditional crafts.
10．What does the underlined word “feasible” mean in this context?
A．practical
B．inevitable
C．contradictory
D．desirable
11．What can be inferred about the future of slow travel?
A．It will replace traditional tourism entirely.
B．It may become more popular in the future.
C．It will cost less as time passes.
D．It will only be accessible to wealthy travelers.
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了近年“慢旅行”兴起以应对快节奏大众旅游，其能减少环境影响、
深化文化理解，但存在规划多等挑战，如今仍在发展，相关旅行选择增多。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“One of the key principles of slow travel is to reduce environmental impact. By
choosing to stay in locally-owned accommodations, eating at family-run restaurants, and using public
transportation or bicycles, travelers can significantly decrease their carbon footprint. For instance, a study found
that tourists who engage in slow travel produce up to 70% less greenhouse gas emissions compared to those on
traditional package tours.(慢旅行的关键原则之一是减少对环境的影响。通过选择入住当地经营的酒店、在
家庭经营的餐馆用餐以及使用公共交通工具或自行车出行，旅行者能够大幅降低他们的碳足迹。例如，一
项研究发现，参与慢旅行的游客所产生的温室气体排放量比参加传统包价旅游的游客少多达70%)”可知，
慢旅行可能对环境更有益。故选B。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“In some rural areas, slow travel initiatives have helped preserve endangered crafts
and revitalize (使恢复元气) dying traditions.(在一些农村地区，缓慢的旅游活动有助于保护濒危的技艺，并
使濒临消亡的传统得以复兴)”可知，慢旅行可能有助于传统工艺的传承。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据划线词所在句“slow travel may not be feasible for everyone due to time or budget
constraints”(由于时间或预算的限制，慢速旅行可能并不feasible 每个人)以及后文举例“spending weeks in a
single destination may seem unrealistic(在同一个地方停留数周似乎不太现实)”可知，此处指慢旅行对某些人
可能不“实际可行”。故选项A“可行的”符合语境。故选A。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite these challenges, the slow travel movement continues to grow.
Travelers are becoming more conscious of their environmental and cultural impact, and many are seeking more
authentic and sustainable ways to explore the world. As a result, travel companies are starting to offer more slow-
travel options. such as extended homestays and cultural immersion programs.(尽管面临诸多挑战，慢旅行运动仍
在持续发展。旅行者们越来越意识到自身对环境和文化的潜在影响，许多人正在寻求更真实且可持续的方
式来探索世界。因此，旅游公司也开始提供更多的慢旅行选择，比如延长的寄宿体验和文化沉浸式项目)”
可知，慢旅行在未来可能会变得更加流行。故选B。
2.（2026·江苏省盐城市七校联盟高三上学期9 月月考）You stayed up too late browsing through your
phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That
dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn’t just about
willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes.
Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk
of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven
hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep during
the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable
due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body’s internal clock and are
linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease.
Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala,
a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain
becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not
only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry
they actually felt.
Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of
consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture
that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for
junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for
appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health.
8．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1?
A．High-calorie foods are more attractive.
B．Staying up late can make people dizzy.
C．Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite.
D．People are addicted to using mobile phones.
9．Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation?
A．They have unhealthy lifestyles.
B．They bear expectation of the society.
C．They have demanding and shifting schedules.
D．They have much pressure from the workload.
10．Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency?
A．The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic.
B．Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food.
C．The brain reacts more quickly to the environment.
D．Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients.
11．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph?
A．Getting enough sleep.
B．Putting down the electronics.
C．Staying away from junk food.
D．Controlling our weight.
【答案】8．C 9．C 10．B 11．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是睡眠不足对食欲、体重及整体健康的影响。
8．细节理解题。从文章第一段最后一句“Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie
fixes.(你的大脑因缺乏休息，正在把你推向快速、高热量食物的解决方案。)”可知，作者在第一段中指出的
现象是睡眠不足会刺激大脑产生食欲。故选C。
9．推理判断题。从文章第二段“First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are
especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules.(由于夜班和各种不可控的时间表，
包括护士、消防员和急救人员在内的急救人员尤其容易受到伤害。)”可知，急救人员更容易睡眠不足是因
为他们的日程安排要求很高，而且多变。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related
areas such as the amygdala, a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to
inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep
deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them,
regardless of how hungry they actually felt.(研究表明，在仅仅一个晚上的睡眠不足之后，与奖励相关的区域，
如杏仁核（大脑中驱动动机和寻求奖励的部分），对诱人的食物反应会变得更加强烈。你的大脑会因为垃
圾食品而变得更加兴奋，并且无法抵抗它。睡眠剥夺研究的参与者不仅认为高热量食物更可取，而且更有
可能选择它们，而不管他们实际上有多饿。)”可知，睡眠不足后大脑更容易进入奖励模式是因为睡眠不足
会改变大脑对食物的评价。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night,
recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy
regulation and long-term health.(所以，下次当你发现自己在短暂的一夜之后想吃垃圾食品时，要认识到你的
生理机能正在对压力做出反应。睡眠是控制食欲、调节能量和长期健康的最有力工具。)”可知，作者在最
后一段主张保证充足的睡眠。故选A。
Young people in the United States do not have a strong understanding of the world and their place in it.
3.（2026·云南三校高三备考实用性8 月联考卷（二））Tipping has long been a widely accepted social
norm in North America. But now more and more people are feeling tip fatigue from being “forced” to tip more
frequently.
Some consumers are posting on social media complaining about tip requests at restaurants. Others say
they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee. What’s next, they wonder — are we going to
be tipping our doctors and dentists, too?
As more businesses start to include digital forms of payment, customers are automatically being asked to
leave a tip — many times as high as 30% — at places they normally wouldn’t. And some say it has become more
frustrating as the price of items has skyrocketed due to inflation (通货膨胀).
The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In the past, shoppers could
easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity — or lack of it — can be laid
bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers themselves.
Tipping was born in the Middle Ages in Europe, a custom where servants would receive an extra tip from
their masters for excellent performance. Tips were left in European pubs to ensure quick and good service. Wealthy
Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and 1860s and they brought it back to the states as a
way to feel noble.
Traditionally, consumers have taken pride in being good tippers at places like restaurants, which typically
pay their workers lower than the minimum wage. But many consumers are now feeling annoyed by automatic tip
requests at coffee shops and other counter service eateries where tipping has not typically been expected.
The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael Lynn, a consumer behavior
professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. They
were showing support for workers who held jobs that put them more at risk of catching the virus.
Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of 2022, while tips at quick or counter
service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021, according to data. This data shows
that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019.
8．Which of the following is a reason why many consumers are feeling tip fatigue?
A．Consumers often have to pay tips for some simple services.
B．The inflation could provide people with more chances to tip.
C．Consumers are worried they have to tip doctors in the future.
D．The digital forms of payment allow customers to tip freely.
9．The digital forms of payment have ______.
A．made tipping less than a choice
B．decreased the frequency of tipping
C．reduced social pressure related to tipping
D．removed the need for tipping altogether
10．Why did wealthy Americans adopt the tipping tradition from Europe?
A．To reward excellent performance by people.
B．To ensure quick and good service in pubs.
C．To support workers during financial crises.
D．To showcase that they are people of high social rank.
11．The last two paragraphs mainly talk about ______.
A．the history and origins of tipping in Europe and America
B．the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on tipping trends
C．variation in tipping habits in different types of restaurants
D．social pressure and frustration caused by digital tipping
【答案】8．A 9．A 10．D 11．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧美的小费日益增高，人们对此表现出小费厌倦。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Others say they’re tired of being asked to leave a tip for a simple cup of coffee.
(其他人说，他们厌倦了被要求为简单的一杯咖啡留下小费。)”可知，消费者经常要为一些简单的服务付小
费。故选A。
9．细节理解题。根据第四段“The digital requests can produce social pressure and are more difficult to avoid. In
the past, shoppers could easily ignore tip jars if they didn’t have any spare change. Nowadays, your generosity —
or lack of it — can be laid bare for anyone close enough to glance at the screen — including the workers
themselves. (数字请求会产生社会压力，更难避免。过去，如果购物者没有多余的零钱，他们可以很容易地
忽略小费。如今，你的慷慨——或缺乏慷慨——可以暴露给任何靠近屏幕的人，包括工人自己。)”可知，
在电子支付盛行的今天，是否慷慨 (给的小费金额)，赤裸裸地展示在屏幕上，任何可以看到屏幕的人都知
道，并无隐私而言，而是带有一定的强制性。故选A。
10．推理判断题。根据第五段“Wealthy Americans discovered the tradition for themselves in the 1850s and
1860s and they brought it back to the states as a way to feel noble. (19 世纪五六十年代，富有的美国人自己发现
了这一传统，并将其带回美国，作为一种彰显高贵的方式。)”可知，富有的美国人采用欧洲的小费传统是
为了彰显他们高贵的身份。故选D。
11．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The pandemic has also sped up the trend towards more tipping. Michael
Lynn, a consumer behavior professor, said consumers were more generous with tips during the early days of the
COVID-19 pandemic. (疫情也加速了更多小费的趋势。消费者行为教授迈克尔·林恩表示，在新冠疫情初期，
消费者给的小费更多。)”以及最后一段“Tips at full-service restaurants grew by 25.3% in the third quarter of
2022, while tips at quick or counter service restaurants went up 16.7% compared to the same time period in 2021,
according to data. This data shows that this same period has been experiencing continuous growth since 2019. (数
据显示，2022 年第三季度，全服务餐厅的小费增长了25.3%，而快速或柜台服务餐厅的小费与2021 年同期
相比增长了16.7%。这些数据表明，自2019 年以来，这一时期一直在持续增长。)”可知，最后两段主要讲
述了新冠疫情对小费趋势的影响。故选B。
4.（2026·黑龙江省龙东联盟高三上学期开学考试）Walk around most large cities in Europe and the
United States, and you’d be thinking that we’re living in a new world of affordable and effortless mobility for all,
with the smartphone in your pocket an entrance to shared bikes and electric cars. But if you’re disabled or elderly,
living in a low-income area or without a smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a
lot more difficult.
Shared mobility could be a key part of a more sustainable transportation system. But to be most effective, it
needs to include everyone. Right now, various initiatives and projects are seeking creative solutions to reach
underserved communities.
The E-Bike Library model was born in such context. E-bike libraries address a number of barriers: The bikes
are free, and the libraries are hosted by places that are already an important part of the community. In addition to
maintaining the bikes, the programs also organize training, group rides and educational events to familiarize people
with cycling culture and safety.
For Mobitwin, a social transportation service for elderly people and those with reduced mobility, personal
interactions and affordability are important. Founded by the Belgian mobility nongovernmental organization
Mpact, Mobitwin lets elderly people request a vehicle ride from a volunteer for a minimal fee. The program, which
has been running since the 1980s, currently serves around 40,000 people in Belgium.
Being able to get out and about is a crucial part of participating in society, and reduced mobility in old age
goes hand in hand with social isolation and loneliness, according to Esen Köse, project manager at Mpact. “We
want to make sure that people who are often not in the social cycle of going to work or school, who are actually
often left out, still have an option to get out of the house and do the simple daily things, like going to the grocery
store or seeing families,” he says, “our big goal is to engage as many people as possible in shared mobility, so
supporting service is essential to facilitate this shift.”
28．What is the problem with the current shared mobility according to the text?
A．Disturbance to traffic order.
B．Overdependence on smart devices.
C．Limited involvement of certain groups. D．Heavy financial burden for vehicle users.
29．How does the E-Bike Library help underserved groups?
A．By upgrading cycling facilities.
B．By publishing cycling-related books.
C．By building a cycling-support community.
D．By providing safety guarantees for cycling.
30．Which of the following words best describes Mobitwin?
A．Experimental. B．Commercial.
C．Accessible.
D．Digital.
31．What can you infer from Esen Köse’s words?
A．Social mobility depends on financial aid.
B．Shared mobility promotes green travel shift.
C．Public mobility is mainly based on device updates.
D．Mobility is a key to the elderly’s emotional wellness.
【答案】28．C 29．C 30．C 31．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两个项目，致力于解决共享移动服务人群覆盖不足的问题。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段“But if you’re disabled or elderly, living in a low-income area or without a
smartphone or credit card, using these shared mobility services becomes a lot more difficult.(但如果你身有残疾、
年事已高、居住在低收入地区或者没有智能手机和信用卡，那么使用这些共享出行服务就会变得困难得
多)”和第二段“But to be most effective, it needs to include everyone.(但要发挥最大的效力，它就必须让所有
人都参与进来)”可知，残疾人群和老年人群使用共享移动服务困难，共享移动服务需要将社会的每一个人
包括进来。故选C。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段“The E-Bike Library model was born in such context. E-bike libraries address a
number of barriers: The bikes are free, and the libraries are hosted by places that are already an important part of
the community. In addition to maintaining the bikes, the programs also organize training, group rides and
educational events to familiarize people with cycling culture and safety.(“电动自行车图书馆”模式正是在这种
背景下应运而生的。电动自行车图书馆解决了诸多难题：这些自行车是免费提供的，而且图书馆设立在已
经深深融入社区的场所内。除了维护自行车外，这些项目还组织培训、团体骑行活动以及教育活动，以帮
助人们熟悉骑行文化和安全知识)”可知，电动自行车图书馆通过建立一个支持骑行的社群帮助那些弱势群
体。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段“For Mobitwin, a social transportation service for elderly people and those with
reduced mobility, personal interactions and affordability are important. Founded by the Belgian mobility
nongovernmental organization Mpact, Mobitwin lets elderly people request a vehicle ride from a volunteer for a
minimal fee.(对于“摩比特温”这一专为老年人及行动不便者提供的社交出行服务而言，人际互动和价格合
理性至关重要。该服务由比利时的非政府组织“姆帕克特”创立，它允许老年人向志愿者申请乘车服务，
并只需支付少量费用)”可知，Mobitwin 使老年人能以极低廉的价格获得志愿者搭载服务，特点是“可获得
的”。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据第五段“We want to make sure that people who are often not in the social cycle of going
to work or school, who are actually often left out, still have an option to get out of the house and do the simple daily
things, like going to the grocery store or seeing families(我们希望确保那些通常无法参与正常工作或上学的群
体（他们往往会被排除在外），仍然能够有机会走出家门，去做一些简单的日常事情，比如去超市购物或
者探望家人)”和“Being able to get out and about is a crucial part of participating in society, and reduced mobility
in old age goes hand in hand with social isolation and loneliness, according to Esen Köse, project manager at
Mpact.(埃森·科斯是“Mpact”项目的负责人，他表示：“能够外出活动是参与社会生活的重要组成部分，
而老年人行动能力的下降往往伴随着社交孤立和孤独感的产生。”)”可知，增强老年人的活动能力，使其
有条件走出家门参与日常社会活动是减少其情感孤独的关键因素之一。故选D。
5.（2025·湖南省怀化市高三上学期开学）A recent study reveals that the ability to see things from others’
perspectives (观点) may augment creativity. Researchers from the University of Vienna conducted experiments
with young Chinese adults to examine how different types of empathy ( 同理心) relate to creative thinking and
achievement.
The study measured two kinds of empathy: cognitive empathy (understanding others’ points of view) and
emotional empathy (sharing others’ feelings). Participants completed questionnaires about their empathic
tendencies and reported their creative activities over the past year, such as writing, inventing, or artistic pursuits.
Researchers also analyzed long-term data from China’s Gene-Brain-Behavior Project to track creative
development.
Results showed that people with stronger cognitive empathy engaged in more creative activities and
achieved greater success in fields like visual arts, science, and writing. Interestingly, emotional empathy didn’t
show the same connection to creativity. The benefits of perspective-taking appeared strongest in areas requiring
innovative thinking rather than technical skills like music performance.
Further analysis suggested that understanding different viewpoints might stimulate creativity by exposing
individuals to diverse ways of thinking. However, the emotional aspect of empathy didn’t contribute similarly,
possibly because it requires mental energy that could otherwise be used for creative work. The findings highlight
how developing our ability to see through others’ eyes might be an effective way to boost creative potential,
especially in fields that value novel approaches and solutions.
Whatever the case, the findings suggest that increasing your ability to take someone’s perspectives might be
a good thing for your creativity. Fortunately, empathy can be cultivated through deliberate effort. One effective
method is to engage with books or watch TV or films and mentally place yourself in the characters’ shoes, thereby
building your perspective-taking muscles. You can also build empathy by interacting with people who are different
from you in some way, while being curious about their inner life and deeply listening to their perspectives.
28．What does the underlined word “augment” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Put off.
B．Call for.
C．Hold back.
D．Add to.
29．Why is cognitive empathy linked to greater creative achievement?
A．It shares others’ emotional experiences. B．It introduces different thought processes.
C．It offers mental energy among innovators.
D．It helps individuals master technical skills.
30．How can people develop empathy?
A．By role-imagining.
B．By exposing inner world.
C．By working out.
D．By comparing backgrounds.
31．Which can be the best title for the text?
A．The Science of Creativity: How It Unlocks Empathy
B．The Mental Process of Seeing Through Others’ Eyes
C．Understanding Others: the Key to Your Next Big Idea
D．Seeing Differently Rarely Meaning Thinking Differently
【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了一项研究揭示的从他人视角看问题的能力可能会增强创造力，还
介绍了研究中涉及的两种同理心、研究结果以及培养同理心的方法等。
28．词句猜测题。根据下文研究结果“Results showed that people with stronger cognitive empathy engaged in
more creative activities and achieved greater success in fields like visual arts, science, and writing. (结果表明，具
有较强认知同理心的人参与更多的创造性活动，并在视觉艺术、科学和写作等领域取得更大的成功)”可知，
有更强认知同理心的人创造力更强，这说明从他人视角看问题的能力可能会“增强”创造力，由此可推测，
“augment”的意思是“增加、增强”，与“Add to”意思相近。故选D 项。
29．细节理解题。根据第四段“Further analysis suggested that understanding different viewpoints might
stimulate creativity by exposing individuals to diverse ways of thinking. (进一步的分析表明，理解不同的观点
可能会通过让个人接触到不同的思维方式来激发创造力)”可知，认知同理心与更强的创造性成就相关，是
因为它能让人们接触到不同的思维过程。故选B 项。
30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“One effective method is to engage with books or watch TV or films and
mentally place yourself in the characters’ shoes, thereby building your perspective-taking muscles. (一种有效的方
法是阅读书籍或观看电视、电影，在心理上设身处地为角色着想，从而锻炼自己的换位思考能力)”可知，
通过角色想象，在心理上置身于角色的处境可以培养同理心。故选A 项。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A recent study reveals that the ability to see things from others’ perspectives (观
点) may augment creativity. (最近一项研究表明，从他人视角看待事物的能力可能会增强创造力)”并结合全
文内容可知，文章开篇指出研究表明从他人视角看问题的能力可能会增强创造力，接着介绍了研究中对两
种同理心的测量、研究结果（认知同理心与创造力相关），还说明了培养同理心的方法，全文围绕“理解
他人（从他人视角看问题）有助于创造力”这一核心展开，C 选项“理解他人：你下一个伟大想法的关
键”能够概括文章主旨，可以作为最佳标题。故选C 项。
6.（2027·福建省（全国名校联盟）高三上学期开学摸底联考）A new study shows choosing exercise
you enjoy is vital for lasting benefits like strength gains and stress relief. “People try to become more active but
struggle to sustain the changes,” said Dr. Ronca from UCLA ．“We examined how personality affects this to
develop better health interventions.”
In this study, researchers assessed 132 participants’ fitness level and personalities, and then divided them into
two groups: half took part in an eight-week program combining cycling and strength training, while the other half
were a non-exercise control group. During the exercise program, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of
each exercise session, before having their fitness level tested again once the program had been completed.
Clear links appeared between personality and preference. Extroverts ( 外向者)particularly enjoyed high-
intensity exercise sessions. Participants who scored high on anxiety engaged well with the program but preferred
short bursts of intensity over longer efforts. They also preferred not being monitored, suggesting these individuals
might appreciate being given space for independence and privacy. Highly hardworking and reliable individuals
demonstrated strong self-discipline and overall fitness gains, likely motivated by health benefits rather than
enjoyment itself.
At the beginning of the study, the stress levels of the intervention group and the control group were similar.
However, the only participants to experience a significant reduction in stress levels after exercising were those with
high tendency to worry, suggesting tailored exercise offers them particular stress relief benefits.
When choosing a sport, the public should consider personal interests rather than blindly following trends.
The most important thing people can do to improve their activity levels is to find something that they enjoy, making
exercise a truly sustainable habit. “We found some clear links between personality and exercise preferences, which
could potentially be used to personalize physical activity recommendations and help people to become and remain
more active,” said Dr. Ronca.
8．How were participants’ responses measured?
A．By recording their heart rate.
B．By assessing their sense of pleasure.
C．By attending interview sessions.
D．By tracking exercise preferences.
9．Who is most likely to stick to a 4-hour boxing group class?
A．Mr. Yu, an extrovert who avoids tiring workout.
B．Kevin, a shy boy who loves watching boxing games.
C．Monica, a trendy blogger who values personal space.
D．Ms. Li, a disciplined teacher who seeks weight loss.
10．What can we learn about participants with high anxiety?
A．Their stress got relieved after exercises. B．They preferred intense exercises.
C．Their fitness improved more with company.
D．They made health benefits a priority.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．Why High-Intensity Workouts Suit Extroverts
B．How Fitness Testing Improves Exercise Enjoyment
C．Personality Preferences: Key to Sustainable Exercise
D．Exercise Enjoyment: Benefits of Monitoring Exercise
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究发现选择自己喜欢的锻炼方式，更容易坚持下去。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“During the exercise program, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of
each exercise session, before having their fitness level tested again once the program had been completed.(在锻炼
项目中，参与者被要求评价他们对每次锻炼的享受程度，然后在项目完成后再次测试他们的健康水平)”可
知，参与者的反应是通过评价他们的享受程度来测量的。故选B。
9．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Extroverts (外向者)particularly enjoyed high-intensity exercise sessions.
Participants who scored high on anxiety engaged well with the program but preferred short bursts of intensity over
longer efforts.(外向的人特别喜欢高强度的锻炼。焦虑得分高的参与者对这个项目的反应很好，但他们更喜
欢短时间的高强度锻炼，而不是长时间的锻炼)”和“Highly hardworking and reliable individuals demonstrated
strong self-discipline and overall fitness gains, likely motivated by health benefits rather than enjoyment itself.(高
度努力和可靠的个人表现出强烈的自律和整体健康收益，可能是出于健康益处而不是享受本身)”可知，外
向的人喜欢高强度的锻炼，焦虑的人喜欢短时间的锻炼，高度努力和可靠的人表现出强烈的自律和整体健
康收益。由此推知，严于律己且正在减肥的李老师最有可能坚持4 小时的拳击课。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“However, the only participants to experience a significant reduction in stress
levels after exercising were those with high tendency to worry, suggesting tailored exercise offers them particular
stress relief benefits.(然而，唯一在锻炼后压力水平显著降低的参与者是那些容易焦虑的人，这表明量身定
制的锻炼对他们的压力释放有特别的好处)”可知，高度焦虑的参与者在锻炼后压力得到了释放。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段中“A new study shows choosing exercise you enjoy is vital for
lasting benefits like strength gains and stress relief.(一项新的研究表明，选择你喜欢的运动对增强力量和缓解
压力等持久的好处至关重要)”和最后一段中“When choosing a sport, the public should consider personal
interests rather than blindly following trends. The most important thing people can do to improve their activity
levels is to find something that they enjoy, making exercise a truly sustainable habit.(在选择一项运动时，公众应
该考虑个人兴趣，而不是盲目跟风。为了提高运动水平，人们能做的最重要的事情就是找到自己喜欢的事
情，让锻炼成为一个真正可持续的习惯)”可知，文章主要介绍研究发现选择自己喜欢的锻炼方式，更容易
坚持下去，即个性是坚持锻炼的关键。C 项“个性偏好：持续锻炼的关键”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故
选C。
1.（2026·福建省厦门双十中学高三上学期开学）When discussions are getting heated, divisions on
opinions potentially lead to some awkward moments. This causes many of us to struggle with how to convince
people to change their minds and how to argue our side effectively. Unfortunately, we’ve already become quite
divided.
One study showed that when people receive information against their beliefs, their brains aren’t as active as
when they receive information that confirms their beliefs. Humans have a well- documented bias (偏见) called the
“confirmation bias”, which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid
information that disconfirms them.
Throwing data at people isn’t at all effective in changing minds and especially hearts. Instead, people just
find it super annoying. Luckily, research has provided some guidance about best practices, and, not surprisingly,
they all suggest what our parents have been telling us for decades: You catch more flies with honey than with
vinegar. In fact, it turns out that instead of citing why you are right and someone else is wrong in a heated
conversation, one of the most effective strategies you can use for changing someone’s mind is to find areas where
you agree.
Another thing we can do is to be open to other perspectives (观点) . We can start by acknowledging our own
confirmation bias and making a conscious effort to override it. We can also try to take other people’s perspectives.
And better yet — ask them for it. Ask them why they feel the way they do and what would change their mind. Be
open to admitting that you could be wrong and make it easy for others to admit their own mistakes.
Finally, make new friends — friends that are different from you. Make your bias a disconfirmation bias;in
other words, when you have an opinion on something, don’t just read information that confirms it. Instead, make an
effort to find information that could potentially prove you wrong. If you were right all along, this exercise will only
make your arguments stronger. If you were wrong, your mind will have been opened up to new ideas. Either way,
this kind of open-mindedness will give you a brand-new perspective on life, and you might even make some
unlikely new friends in the process.
8．Which can illustrate “confirmation bias”?
A．We tend to welcome different ideas.
B．We accept messages from the others.
C．We argue against points of disagreement.
D．We prefer information in line with our views
9．What does the underlined word “honey”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Following advice.
B．Sharing common ground.
C．Admitting mistakes.
D．Blocking different ideas.
10．How can we benefit from our bias according to the last paragraph?
A．By letting go of our own opinion.
B．By making arguments more reliable.
C．By opening up minds to new friends.
D．By securing information opposite to ours.
11．What is the best title of the text?
A．How to negotiate with others
B．Why it’s so hard to change hearts and minds
C．How to shift minds in polarized communication
D．Why open-mindedness is effective in conversations
【答案】8．D 9．B 10．D 11．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍了人们在面对与自己观点相反的信息时，往往会产生“确认偏见”，
即倾向于寻找能证实自己观点的信息，而避免与之相反的信息。文章建议我们在争论中寻找共同点，开放
自己的观点，接纳不同的信息，这样可以使我们的观点更有说服力，也能开阔我们的视野。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Humans have a well- documented bias (偏见) called the“confirmation bias”,
which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views and to avoid information that
disconfirms them. ”（人类有一种有据可查的偏见，称为“确认偏见”，这是一种倾向，即寻找证实我们现
有观点的信息，避免不符合这些观点的信息。）可知，D 选项“我们更喜欢符合我们观点的信息”符合确
认偏见”。故选D。
9．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“In fact, it turns out that instead of citing why you are right and someone else
is wrong in a heated conversation, one of the most effective strategies you can usefor changing someone’s mind is
to find areas where you agree.”（事实证明，在激烈的争论中，改变他人观点最有效的策略之一就是找到你
们共同认同的地方，而不是列举你为什么是对的，别人为什么是错的。）可推知，“honey”指的是找到共
同的立场。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Make your bias a disconfirmation bias;in other words, when you have an
opinion on something, don’t just read information that confirms it. Instead, make an effort to find information that
could potentially prove you wrong. If you were right all along, this exercise will only make your arguments
stronger. If you were wrong, your mind will have been opened up to new ideas.”（让你的偏见成为一种不确认的
偏见；换句话说，当你对某事有看法时，不要只阅读证实它的信息。相反，要努力寻找可能证明你错了的
信息。如果你一直都是对的，这个练习只会让你的论点更有力。如果你错了，你的思想就会向新思想开
放。）可知，获取与我们相反的信息能让我们受益。故选D。
11．主旨大意题。主要讲述了人们在面对与自己观点相反的信息时，往往会产生“确认偏见”，即倾向于
寻找能证实自己观点的信息，而避免与之相反的信息。文章建议我们在争论中寻找共同点，开放自己的观
点，接纳不同的信息，这样可以使我们的观点更有说服力，也能开阔我们的视野。所以短文的最佳标题为
“如何在两极分化的交流中改变思想”。故选C。
2. （2026· 湖北省孝感高级中学高三上学期8 月测试）Polar bears have a hidden-in-plain-sight
superpower that has long been known to Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, but only now has been noticed and
studied by scientists.
Bodil Holst at the University of Bergen in Norway is a physicist who studies the properties of surfaces. Her
interest in polar bear fur began when, while watching a TV quiz programme, she saw that the bears hardly show
upon infrared (红外线的) cameras because they are so well insulated (被隔热的). That means the temperature of
their outer fur is below freezing, Holst realised, but she had never seen a polar bear in wildlife films that was coated
with ice, even after swimming in sub-zero waters. “And then I thought, well, how come freezing is not a problem?”
she says.
This is, after all, a problem for many other land mammals in cold environments. Holst asked researchers at
the Norwegian Polar Institute if they knew why polar bear fur doesn’t ice up. None did, but they decided to
investigate together. Holst and her colleagues obtained samples of polar bear fur from the wild and compared them
with human hair. They found that the force required to remove ice from polar bear hair was a quarter of what was
needed for human hair.
Washing polar bear fur removed its ice resistance, suggesting that the oily coating on the hairs, known as
sebum (皮脂), is the key to its properties. This substance lacks squalene (角鲨烯) but contains some unusual fatty
acids which could be unique to polar bears, but we need further studies to look at the composition of animal sebum,
says Holst.
Arctic peoples have traditionally used the fur in ways that make use of its ice-resistant properties. For
instance, Inuit hunters in Greenland have placed small pieces of polar bear fur under the legs of the benches to stop
them sticking to ice. They also strapped polar bear fur to the soles of boots while tracking animals, to avoid the
noise made by ice-coated surfaces.
Holst’s team is now exploring potential applications, such as creating environmentally friendly ski waxes
that contain no long-lasting fluorocarbon (碳氟化合物) currently used to prevent icing. A hair wax based on polar
bear sebum could also help people who work in cold environments. “I had not thought about that application, but
absolutely, that should work,” says Holst.
8．What made Holst curious about polar bear fur?
A．Polar bear’s low inner body temperature.
B．Polar bear’s invisibility on infrared cameras.
C．Polar bear’s resistance to sub-zero environments.
D．Polar bear’s appearance in a TV quiz programme.
9．How did Holst and her colleagues carry out their research?
A．By keeping track of polar bears in the Arctic.
B．By contrasting polar bear fur with human hair.
C．By removing polar bear fur’s warming function.
D．By observing Arctic peoples using polar bear fur.
10．What contributes to the ice resistance of polar bear fur?
A．Its physical properties.
B．Its similarity to human hair.
C．Its oily coating called sebum.
D．Its unique squalene composition.
11．Which of the following is the potential application of polar bear fur?
A．Designing non-stick boots.
B．Making noise-reducing coats.
C．Creating heat-resistant benches.
D．Developing ice-free hair products.
【答案】8．B 9．B 10．C 11．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北极熊毛发的抗冰特性及其潜在应用。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的句子“Bodil Holst at the University of Bergen in Norway is a physicist
who studies the properties of surfaces. Her interest in polar bear fur began when, while watching a TV quiz
programme, she saw that the bears hardly show upon infrared (红外线的) cameras because they are so well
insulated (被隔热的). (挪威卑尔根大学的Bodil Holst 是一位研究表面特性的物理学家。她对北极熊皮毛的兴
趣始于一次电视智力竞赛节目，当时她看到北极熊在红外摄像机上几乎看不到，因为它们的绝缘性很
好。)”可知，Holst 对北极熊感兴趣的是北极熊在红外摄像机上的隐身性。故选B 项。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的句子“Holst and her colleagues obtained samples of polar bear fur from
the wild and compared them with human hair. They found that the force required to remove ice from polar bear hair
was a quarter of what was needed for human hair. (Holst 和她的同事们从野外获得了北极熊的皮毛样本，并将
它们与人类的头发进行了比较。他们发现，除去北极熊毛发上的冰所需的力是人类毛发所需力的四分之
一。)”可知，Holst 和她的同事们通过对比北极熊毛发和人类头发来开展研究。故选B 项。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的句子“Washing polar bear fur removed its ice resistance, suggesting that
the oily coating on the hairs, known as sebum (皮脂), is the key to its properties. (清洗北极熊的皮毛可以去除其
抗冰性，这表明毛发上的油性涂层，即皮脂，是其特性的关键。)”可知，北极熊毛发的抗冰性主要归功于
其表面的油脂层——皮脂。故选C 项。
11．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的句子“Holst’s team is now exploring potential applications, such as
creating environmentally friendly ski waxes that contain no long-lasting fluorocarbon (碳氟化合物) currently used
to prevent icing. A hair wax based on polar bear sebum could also help people who work in cold environments.
(Holst 的团队目前正在探索潜在的应用，比如制造不含长效氟碳的环保型滑雪蜡，这种蜡目前用于防止结
冰。一种基于北极熊皮脂的发蜡也可以帮助那些在寒冷环境中工作的人。)”可知，基于北极熊皮脂的发蜡
可以帮助在寒冷环境中工作的人，所以，北极熊皮毛的潜在应用是研发防冰护发产品。故选D 项。
3.（2026·湖南省长沙市麓山国际实验学校高三上学期入学考试）Proper questioning has become a lost
art. The curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions—incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?” might sound
familiar—but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we
found that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of
questions. But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the
drop off?
Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are that you received the most recognition or
reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those
who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being
distanced, or considered a threat.
Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to “get it done now” to “it
should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the
unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow
down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst, we’ll
avoid a lot of rework later on.
Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions
can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the
problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it
narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to
feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a
goal.
8．What does the underlined word “incessant” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A．Simple.
B．Random.
C．Constant.
D．Annoying.
9．What accounts for the decline of questioning in adulthood?
A．One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions.
B．Adults don’t get as many chances as they did in childhood.
C．Those who question popular beliefs are thought to be wise.
D．Those asking questions don’t always get positive feedback.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions.
B．Decisions made in a hurry may turn out to be wrong.
C．Better questions can surely bring desirable outcomes.
D．More attention should be paid to making conclusions.
11．What might the author continue talking about?
A．Proper questions that should be raised.
B．Important goals that we are to achieve.
C．Right kinds of answers to the questions. D．Ways to expand our view of the problem.
【答案】8．C 9．D 10．B 11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了恰当的提问已经成为一门失传的艺术，分析了原因以及鼓励人们恰
当的提问。
8．词句猜测题。根据第一段“The curious four-year-old(好奇的四岁孩子以及)”“以及as we grow older, our
questioning decreases(但随着年龄的增长，我们的提问会减少)”可知，这个好奇的四岁孩子问了很多问题
——没完没了地问“为什么?”和“为什么不呢？所以划线词的意思是“持续不断的”。故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are you received the
most recognition or reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we
often reward those who answer questions, not those who ask them.(回想一下你在学校的成长过程。当你得到正
确答案时，你可能会得到最多的认可或奖励。在以后的生活中，这种动力会继续存在。在工作中，我们经
常奖励那些回答问题的人，而不是那些提出问题的人)”可知，提问题的人不一定能得到积极的反馈是致了
成年后提问的减少的原因。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Because expectations for decision-making have gone from “get it done soon” to
“get it done now” to “it should have been done yesterday”, we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more
questions. And the unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making.(因为对决策的
期望已经从“尽快完成”变成了“现在完成”，再变成了“昨天就应该完成”，我们倾向于直接下结论，
而不是问更多的问题。没有问足够多的问题的副作用是糟糕的决策)”可知，匆忙做出的决定可能会被证明
是错误的。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a
goal.(因此，问正确的问题是实现目标的关键)”可知，接下来要讨论应该提出适当的问题。故选A。
4.（2026·湖南省长沙市湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期8 月月考）You stayed up too late browsing
through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and
impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn’t
just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes.
Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk
of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven
hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep during
the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable
due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body’s internal clock and are
linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease.
Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related areas such as the amygdala,
a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain
becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not
only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry
they actually felt.
Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of
consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture
that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for
junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for
appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health.
8．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1?
A．High-calorie foods are more attractive.
B．Staying up late can make people dizzy.
C．Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite.
D．People are addicted to using mobile phones.
9．Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation?
A．They have unhealthy lifestyles.
B．They bear expectation of the society.
C．They have demanding and shifting schedules.
D．They have much pressure from the workload.
10．Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency?
A．The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic.
B．Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food.
C．The brain reacts more quickly to the environment.
D．Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients.
11．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph?
A．Getting enough sleep.
B．Putting down the electronics.
C．Staying away from junk food.
D．Controlling our weight.
【答案】8．C 9．C 10．B 11．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是睡眠不足对食欲、体重及整体健康的影响。
8．细节理解题。从文章第一段最后一句“Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie
fixes.(你的大脑因缺乏休息，正在把你推向快速、高热量食物的解决方案。)”可知，作者在第一段中指出的
现象是睡眠不足会刺激大脑产生食欲。故选C。
9．推理判断题。从文章第二段“First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are
especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules.(由于夜班和各种不可控的时间表，
包括护士、消防员和急救人员在内的急救人员尤其容易受到伤害。)”可知，急救人员更容易睡眠不足是因
为他们的日程安排要求很高，而且多变。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation (匮乏), reward-related
areas such as the amygdala, a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to
inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep
deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them,
regardless of how hungry they actually felt.(研究表明，在仅仅一个晚上的睡眠不足之后，与奖励相关的区域，
如杏仁核（大脑中驱动动机和寻求奖励的部分），对诱人的食物反应会变得更加强烈。你的大脑会因为垃
圾食品而变得更加兴奋，并且无法抵抗它。睡眠剥夺研究的参与者不仅认为高热量食物更可取，而且更有
可能选择它们，而不管他们实际上有多饿。)”可知，睡眠不足后大脑更容易进入奖励模式是因为睡眠不足
会改变大脑对食物的评价。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night,
recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy
regulation and long-term health.(所以，下次当你发现自己在短暂的一夜之后想吃垃圾食品时，要认识到你的
生理机能正在对压力做出反应。睡眠是控制食欲、调节能量和长期健康的最有力工具。)”可知，作者在最
后一段主张保证充足的睡眠。故选A。
5.（2026·湘豫名校高三上学期入学摸底）Electric vehicles (EVs) are cars with engines powered by
electricity rather than the internal combustion engines (内燃机) found in gasoline-powered cars.
Across the world, traditional producers are adding EVs to their product lineups, as well as improving battery
technology and vehicle range. In many markets, EVs are now cheaper to operate than traditional gasoline-powered
vehicles, though upfront costs are higher. And EVs are only expected to get cheaper. But do they have any
advantages in saving our environment?
In short, yes. A common sense about EVs is that harvesting the elements needed to produce their batteries is
more harmful for the environment than building an ICEV (内燃机汽车) is. Despite the higher greenhouse gas
emissions (排放) associated with building EVs, their total emissions over the life of the car can be 40% to 60%
lower than the emissions of ICEVs, because EVs do not produce any carbon dioxide when driven.
Although the harvesting of rare earth minerals and other elements needed for EV batteries is environmentally
harmful, EV batteries can be recycled at the end of their lifetime. For instance, battery recycling company Umicore
says it can reclaim 95% of metallic substances such as nickel, copper and cobalt in EV batteries for reuse.
Because EVs tend to be heavier than ICEVs and produce higher torque (扭矩), some have argued that EVs
wear through tyres more quickly and produce more particulate matter — a harmful material than gas-powered cars
do. A study by researchers at the University of Portsmouth in the U.K. found that tyre breakdown accounted for
28% of the world’s microplastics.
But tyre friction in both ICEVs and EVs produces particulate pollution, and driving style and road quality
have bigger impacts on how much pollution is produced, German tyre producer Continental told The Guardian.
Finally, if power plants and car producing plants increasingly use renewable sources of energy, the initial
emissions associated with making EVs will approach zero. ICEVs, in comparison, will always release CO2.
8．What is a difference in cost between EVs and ICEVs?
A．ICEVs need cheaper repairs.
B．ICEVs save more on fuel.
C．EVs have lower upfront costs.
D．EVs have less driving expense.
9．What does the example of Umicore show about EV battery recycling?
A．It recovers more renewable items.
B．It is not yet widely adopted in EVs.
C．It causes new environmental problems.
D．It focuses on non-metallic elements.
10．Why might future EVs be even better for the environment?
A．They will use fewer rare Earth minerals.
B．More industries may use renewable energy.
C．They will become lighter than traditional cars.
D．Tyre technology will stop producing microplastics.
11．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．How Are EV Batteries Recycled?
B．EVs vs ICEVs: Cost Comparison?
C．The Future of Renewable Energy in Cars?
D．More Environmentally Friendly, ICEVs or EVs?
【答案】8．D 9．A 10．B 11．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨了电动汽车是否比传统内燃机汽车更环保，指出尽管电动汽车在制
造过程中排放更高且电池所需矿物开采有害环境，但其全生命周期排放更低，电池可回收，且未来随着可
再生能源的使用，其环保性将进一步提升。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“In many markets, EVs are now cheaper to operate than traditional gasoline-
powered vehicles, though upfront costs are higher. (在许多市场，尽管电动汽车的前期成本更高，但目前其使
用成本比传统汽油动力汽车更低。)”可知，电动汽车与内燃机汽车在成本上的差异是电动汽车的行驶（使
用）成本更低。故选D 项。
9．推理判断题。根据第四段“For instance, battery recycling company Umicore says it can reclaim 95% of
metallic substances such as nickel, copper and cobalt in EV batteries for reuse. (例如，电池回收公司Umicore 表
示，它可以回收电动汽车电池中 95% 的金属物质，如镍、铜和钴，以便重新利用。)”可知，Umicore 的例
子表明电动汽车电池回收能回收大量可重复利用的金属物质，即回收更多可再利用物品。故选A 项。
10．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Finally, if power plants and car producing plants increasingly use renewable
sources of energy, the initial emissions associated with making EVs will approach zero. (最后，如果发电厂和汽
车制造厂越来越多地使用可再生能源，那么与制造电动汽车相关的初始排放量将接近零。)”可知，未来电
动汽车对环境更友好的原因可能是更多行业（如发电厂、汽车制造厂）会使用可再生能源。故选B 项。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文特别是第二段“Across the world, traditional producers are adding EVs to their
product lineups, as well as improving battery technology and vehicle range. In many markets, EVs are now cheaper
to operate than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, though upfront costs are higher. And EVs are only expected
to get cheaper. But do they have any advantages in saving our environment? (在世界各地，传统生产商正在将电
动汽车添加到他们的产品线中，并改进电池技术和续航里程。在许多市场，电动汽车现在比传统的汽油动
力汽车更便宜，尽管前期成本更高。预计电动汽车只会变得更便宜。但是，它们在拯救我们的环境方面有
什么优势吗？)”可知，文章开篇引出电动汽车，随后围绕“电动汽车是否比内燃机汽车更环保”展开，对
比两者在碳排放、电池回收、轮胎污染等方面的差异，最后指出若更多行业使用可再生能源，电动汽车环
保优势将更明显。因此D 项 “More Environmentally Friendly, ICEVs or EVs? (内燃机汽车和电动汽车，哪
个更环保？)”最适合作为文章标题。故选D 项。
6.（2026·湖北省武汉市九师联盟高三上学期8 月开学）As dust from the Sahara blows thousands of
kilometers across the Atlantic Ocean, it becomes progressively more nutritious for marine microbes (海洋微生物),
a new study suggests.
“Dust clouds settling on the Atlantic can generate phytoplankton (浮游植物) blooms that support marine
ecosystems,” said Timothy Lyons, a scientist at the University of California, Riverside. “Iron in the dust is
incredibly important for life,” he said. Phytoplankton require it to change carbon dioxide into sugars.
Over 240 million metric tons of Saharan dust blows over the Atlantic Ocean each year. To know whether the
types of dust settling on the Atlantic had changed over the past 120,000 years, Lyons and the marine geologist
Jeremy Owens, analyzed dust-derived (灰尘衍生的) minerals in four cores collected from the muddy seafloor —
two in the eastern Atlantic near Africa, and two from farther west near North America.
In dust worldwide, approximately 40% of iron is ordinarily present within “reactive” minerals like pyrite.
This kind of iron can break down with weak acids and potentially be used by life. In the core samples from the
bottom of the Atlantic, only about 9% of iron in the dust minerals sampled from farther west consisted of reactive
iron minerals, compared with about 18% in dust minerals taken from closer to Africa.
“There’re photochemical transformations that tend to make the iron more soluble (可溶解的) in water,” said
Lyons. He and Owens concluded that during the dust’ s several-day transatlantic flight, more and more of its
reactive iron was changed — attacked by acids and radiation. As that improved iron later settled into the ocean, it
was eaten directly by phytoplankton. The only reactive iron that made it to the seafloor was the stuff that wasn’t
changed during air transport, and wasn’t taken in later.
“The new results are plausible because previous studies have shown that iron minerals react in the
atmosphere,” said Natalie Mahowald, an atmospheric scientist who studies dust at Cornell University. “Their
conclusion goes along with what I thought was happening,” she said.
28．Why is iron important for marine ecosystems?
A．It makes carbon dioxide more.
B．It leads to the absorption of sugars.
C．It protects phytoplankton from attack.
D．It provides nutrition for phytoplankton.
29．What can be concluded from the findings of the research?
A．Weak acids seldom change reactive iron minerals.
B．The dust minerals from farther west are rich in iron.
C．The fewer minerals there are, the more sensitive weak acids are.
D．The farther the desert dust flies, the less the reactive iron is left.
30．What can be learned from paragraph 5?
A．How phytoplankton makes it to the seafloor.
B．How reactive iron cooperates with radiation.
C．How iron in dust becomes easier to absorb.
D．How atmospheric chemical reactions fail.
31．What does the underlined word “plausible” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Reliable.
B．Uncertain.
C．Abstract.
D．Contradictory.
【答案】28．D 29．D 30．C 31．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究发现，即撒哈拉沙漠的沙尘在穿越大西洋数千公里
的过程中，其携带的铁元素逐渐变得更易被海洋微生物吸收，对海洋生态系统产生了积极影响。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段中““Iron in the dust is incredibly important for life,” he said. Phytoplankton
require it to change carbon dioxide into sugars. (他说：“灰尘中的铁对生命至关重要。浮游植物需要它来将二
氧化碳转化为糖类)”可知，铁元素对浮游植物至关重要，它能帮助浮游植物将二氧化碳转化为糖类，为浮
游植物提供营养。故选D。
29．推理判断题。根据第五段中“He and Owens concluded that during the dust’s several-day transatlantic
flight, more and more of its reactive iron was changed — attacked by acids and radiation. (他和欧文斯得出结论，
在沙尘穿越大西洋的几天飞行中，越来越多的活性铁发生了变化——受到酸和辐射的攻击)”可知，沙尘中
的活性铁在穿越大西洋的过程中，逐渐被酸和辐射改变，即沙漠尘埃飞得越远，剩下的活性铁就越少。故
选D。
30．推理判断题。根据第五段中““There’re photochemical transformations that tend to make the iron more
soluble (可溶解的) in water,” said Lyons. He and Owens concluded that during the dust’s several-day transatlantic
flight, more and more of its reactive iron was changed — attacked by acids and radiation. As that improved iron
later settled into the ocean, it was eaten directly by phytoplankton. (Lyons 说：“有一些光化学反应会使铁更容
易溶解在水中。”他和欧文斯得出结论，在沙尘穿越大西洋的几天飞行中，越来越多的活性铁发生了变化
——受到酸和辐射的攻击。当这些改良后的铁后来沉积到海洋中时，它们被浮游植物直接吸收了)”可知，
第五段主要讲述了沙尘中的铁是如何在大气中发生化学反应，变得更容易被浮游植物吸收的。故选C。
31．词句猜测题。根据最后一段““The new results are plausible because previous studies have shown that
iron minerals react in the atmosphere,” said Natalie Mahowald, an atmospheric scientist who studies dust at Cornell
University. “Their conclusion goes along with what I thought was happening,” she said. (“新的结果是plausible，
因为之前的研究表明，铁矿物在大气中会发生反应，”康奈尔大学 (Cornell University) 研究尘埃的大气科
学家娜塔莉·马霍瓦尔德 (Natalie Mahowald)说。“他们的结论与我当时的想法一致，”她说。)”可知，
Natalie Mahowald 认为新的研究结果是可靠的。A. Reliable 可靠的；B. Uncertain 不确定的；C. Abstract 抽象
的；D. Contradictory 矛盾的。故选A。
7.（2026·湖北省高中名校联盟高三上学期第一次联合测评）Huge piles of research on diet are published
annually. The most shocking of these get reported in the media. All claim to be based on the latest research and
each claims to prove the last study wrong. Do scientists really not know what’s good for us, or is the news report to
blame for the confusion?
Misleading media coverage plays a role, but publication bias (偏见) is one major source: studies that show
surprising results are more likely to get published. “What you see published in the nightly news is the end result of
a system where everyone is encouraged to come up with a positive result,” says Vinay at Oregon Science
University.
One way to get around this problem is to conduct large, randomized controlled trials, which involve
randomly assigning participants to different groups to control variables. But these kinds of studies are difficult to do
for foods, as few would risk eating habits on chance; fewer still sustain changes long enough to benefit. Instead,
nutrition scientists usually observe what people eat by asking them to fill out food diaries, and then track the health
of participants over a given period of time.
In these “observational” studies, people track their diets while going about their lives. Differences between
subjects in what they do outside of mealtimes can make all the difference. People who eat what is seen as an
unhealthy diet — with more fast food, for instance — might have unhealthy lifestyles in other ways, such as
smoking. Consequently, dietary effects are hard to set apart.
Because of these difficulties, even today’s most recommended dietary advice lacks good quality evidence.
This doesn’t mean we can eat as much cake as we like. But it does suggest that within limits of common sense, one
way of eating is about as good as another. While admittedly simple advice, it removes the pressure to constantly run
after the latest amazing diet or fear seemingly harmful foods. Within reason, trusting your stomach is mostly fine.
28．What phenomenon is presented in paragraph 1?
A．Scientists fail to figure out truth.
B．News spreads confusion on purpose.
C．Research on diet astonishes people.
D．Media reports conflicting diet studies.
29．Which of the following news items suggests publication bias?
A．Chocolate unexpectedly aids weight loss.
B．Calorie restriction helps to slow aging.
C．Effects of zero fat diet require further tests.
D．Whole grain diet improves heart health.
30．What do paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly discuss?
A．The reliability of self-reported diet data. B．How long-term diet tracking improves health.
C．The main problems in studying dietary effects.
D．How lifestyle factors affect diet research results.
31．What is the author’s suggestion for food choice?
A．Avoid potentially unhealthy foods.
B．Consume varieties of foods.
C．Count on the latest dietary advice.
D．Follow body signals sensibly.
【答案】28．D 29．A 30．C 31．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要探讨了饮食研究因研究方法局限和媒体报道偏见，而经常呈现矛盾
结论，因此无需过度追求完美饮食。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段“All claim to be based on the latest research and each claims to prove the last
study wrong.(所有这些说法都声称是基于最新的研究成果，而每一种说法又都声称要证明前一种研究存在
错误)”可知，媒体频繁报道最新的饮食研究，而新的研究总是与过往的研究相矛盾。故选D。
29．推理判断题。根据第二段“Misleading media coverage plays a role, but publication bias (偏见) is one major
source: studies that show surprising results are more likely to get published. “What you see published in the nightly
news is the end result of a system where everyone is encouraged to come up with a positive result,” says Vinay at
Oregon Science University.(误导性的媒体报道起到了一定作用，但发表偏倚则是主要因素之一：那些得出惊
人结果的研究更有可能被发表出来。俄勒冈科技大学的维纳说道：“在晚间新闻中所呈现的内容是这样一
个系统所产生的最终结果，该系统鼓励每个人都得出积极的结果。”)”可知，巧克力竟然有助于减肥存在
发表偏见。故选A。
30．主旨大意题。根据第三段“One way to get around this problem is to conduct large, randomized controlled
trials, which involve randomly assigning participants to different groups to control variables. But these kinds of
studies are difficult to do for foods, as few would risk eating habits on chance; fewer still sustain changes long
enough to benefit. Instead, nutrition scientists usually observe what people eat by asking them to fill out food
diaries, and then track the health of participants over a given period of time.(解决这一问题的一种方法是开展大
规模的随机对照试验，这种试验会将参与者随机分配到不同的组别，以控制变量。但对于食物而言，这类
研究很难进行，因为很少有人会为了偶然的机会而改变饮食习惯；更少有人能长期保持改变后的饮食习惯
从而获得益处。因此，营养学家通常会通过让参与者填写饮食日记来观察他们的饮食情况，然后在一段时
间内跟踪参与者的健康状况)”以及第四段“In these “observational” studies, people track their diets while going
about their lives. Differences between subjects in what they do outside of mealtimes can make all the difference.
People who eat what is seen as an unhealthy diet — with more fast food, for instance — might have unhealthy
lifestyles in other ways, such as smoking. Consequently, dietary effects are hard to set apart.(在这些“观察性”研
究中，研究对象在日常生活中会记录自己的饮食情况。在用餐时间之外的行为差异可能会导致结果大相径
庭。那些饮食习惯被认为不健康（比如摄入较多的快餐）的人，可能在其他方面也有不良的生活习惯，比
如吸烟。因此，饮食对健康的影响很难单独区分出来)”可知，第3 段和第4 段主要讨论了研究饮食影响所
面临的主要问题。故选C。
31．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But it does suggest that within limits of common sense, one way of eating is
about as good as another.(但这确实表明，在常识的合理范围内，不同的饮食方式在总体上是相当相似的，没
有哪一种方式明显优于其他方式)”和“Within reason, trusting your stomach is mostly fine.(在合理范围内，相
信自己的直觉通常是没问题的)”可知，作者建议理智地倾听身体的信号。故选D。
8.（2026·浙江省Z20 名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考）Britain’s housing crisis has created a distinct
generational divide. While older generations often own property, millions of young adults face increasing rents and
unachievable homeownership. A recent official report warns that 630, 000 people under 35 may face homelessness
in old age due to chronic shortages of affordable homes.
This crisis originates from decades of policy failure. Since the mid-1990s, house prices have skyrocketed
dramatically, widening the gap between property owners and others. Government projects like “Help-to-Buy”
intended to assist first-time buyers instead inflated prices further, making housing less accessible. University
graduates carry heavy debts from tuition fees exceeding £9, 000 annually since 2010, weakening their savings
potential.
The rental market offers little relief. Private renters have jumped from 2. 8 million to 4. 5 million households
since 2007, with those aged 25-34 consisting of over a third. Yet renters face instability and exploitation. “No-fault
drivings” allow landlords ( 房东) to end rentings without cause, while rents exceed wage growth. Even social
housing renters experience widening inequality compared to homeowners.
Policy responses are emerging but controversial. London Mayor Sadiq Khan proposed a landlord registry
and rent control commission to regulate the private sector. Scotland has established “rent pressure zones” to stop
increases. The Labour Party advocates abolishing no-fault drivings, arguing that secure right of habitation are
essential for dignity.
Ultimately, this is about intergenerational fairness. A functional society cannot thrive when younger citizens
bear unreasonable burdens. As one analyst notes: “We depend on the young to sustain our future — denying them
housing security damages everyone.”
28．What does the official report predict about young adults?
A．Universal elderly poverty.
B．Persistent renting difficulties.
C．Long-term housing insecurity.
D．Unachievable huge property.
29．What brings about the housing crisis?
A．Stable rental market.
B．Students’ reduced debt burden.
C．Decades-long policy failure.
D．Consistent policy responses.
30．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Young adults’ housing security should be guaranteed.
B．Efforts should be made to create a sustainable society.
C．The property of older generations should be passed on.
D．The young should be responsible for intergenerational fairness.
31．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Housing: Pricing out the Young?
B．Policy: Regulating the Private Owners?
C．Landlords: Forced to Accept Rent Hikes?
D．Rental Control: Solving the Renter-landlord Conflicts?
【答案】28．C 29．C 30．A 31．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国住房危机造成代际分化，政策失败是根源，需保障年轻
人住房安全。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A recent official report warns that 630, 000 people under 35 may face
homelessness in old age due to chronic shortages of affordable homes.(一份最新的官方报告警告称，由于长期
缺乏经济适用房，63 万35 岁以下的人可能在老年时面临无家可归的风险)”可知，官方报告预测年轻人将长
期面临住房无保障的问题。故选C。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This crisis originates from decades of policy failure.(这场危机源于几十年的
政策失败)”可知，几十年的政策失败导致了住房危机。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We depend on the young to sustain our future — denying them housing
security damages everyone.(我们依靠年轻人来维持我们的未来——剥夺他们的住房安全会损害到每个人)”可
知，年轻人的住房安全应该得到保障。故选A。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Britain’s housing crisis has created a distinct generational
divide.(英国的住房危机造成了明显的代际分化)”可知，本文主要讲述了英国的住房危机造成了明显的代际
分化，年轻人面临着租房难和买不起房的问题，因此选项A“住房：让年轻人望而却步？”适合作为文章标
题。故选A。
1 (2025 浙江1 月卷)
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix
planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the
designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden
more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in
a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used
modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow
together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the
planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.
Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to
the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with
cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy
the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the
garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most
gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon
absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean?
A. Running out of.
B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with.
D. Taking advantage of.
29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced?
A. To control weeds in large gardens.
B. To bring in foreign species of plants.
C. To conserve soil and water resources.
D. To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens?
A. Traditional.
B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful.
D. Well-protected.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A. The future of gardening is WILD
B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE
D. Old garden plots work WONDERS
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种
植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，
不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。
28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot
more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.”以及最后一句中的to garden more like
nature does 可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作用。故
Eschewing 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。
29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large
areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知，矩阵式
种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maintenance parkland 是plant large areas of
parkland ...need minimal maintenance 的同义表达，故选D。
30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy
the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融
入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful 意为“雅致的；有品
位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy 的概括。
31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。
第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种
设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A 项中WILD 意
为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。
2. (2023 全国乙卷)
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of
meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-
than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and
whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-
and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported
that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students
applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what
people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain.
B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.
D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative.
B. Creative.
C. Profitable.
D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%.
B. 24%.
C. 25%.
D. 33%.
31. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D 31. B
【解析】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习
惯。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and
chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英国
食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此
无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物
平平无奇。故选A 项。
29.推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons
are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking
habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，
而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think
about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对
烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影
响力。故选D 项。
30.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than
they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人
表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可
知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D 项。
31.推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“ With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer
“uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不
酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B
项。
3.(2020 全国I 卷)
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help
children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition( 认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence.
B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control.
D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?
A. Parents’ age.
B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist.
D. A teaching program.
【答案】24-27 BCDB
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24. B。细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better
spatial skill(在2 岁到4 岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展
更好的空间技能。
25. C。细节理解题。根据第二段( Levine 说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游
戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine 在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话
的次数。
26. D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可
知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。
27. B。主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所
以是关于科学研究的。
4.【2020 全国I 卷】
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome
familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But
books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now
and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull
their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s
A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating
(令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the
Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble ( 随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save
Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach
to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the
highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But
remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24. Why does the author like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief account of a trip.
B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event.
D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Debt. B. Reward.
C. Allowance. D. Face value.
27. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He loves poetry. . He’s an editor.
C. He’s very ambitious.
D. He teaches reading.
【答案】24-27 DBBA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作
者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24. D。推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what
makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.”和第二段“The beauty of rereading lies in that
our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is true, the older I get, the more I feel time
has wings.”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D 项。
25. B。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及
“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964 年，这是他
关于20 世纪20 年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判
断出A Movable Feast 是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B 项。
26. B。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是
美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is
the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回
报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
27. A。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“ The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected
poems, because poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥•科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作
者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。
5.【2020 全国I 卷】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to
fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-
kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at
all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg,
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately
twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000
or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do
not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among
race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a
history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some
practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building. D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical.
B. Objective. C. Tolerant.
D. Conservative.
【答案】28-31 CDAB
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样
运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28. C。细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight
through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这
项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞
走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。
29. D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running,
such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者
的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。
30. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg 说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试
竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg 建议想尝
试竞走的人征询专家的建议。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research
shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，
研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判
断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。
6.【2024 全国甲卷】
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five
government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an
average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with
basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
28. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries.
B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital.
D. It travels along a river.
29. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated.
B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city.
D. It needs medical aid.
30. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year.
B. About ten months.
C. About two months.
D. About two weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.
B. Doubtful
C. Ambiguous.
D. Cautious.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. D 31. A
【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远
地区每年提供为期10 个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
28.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that
travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time
the doctors and nurses on board provide rural( 乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and
prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平
均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X 光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣
卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
29.推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The
government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas
east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid
programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共
卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷
的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远
地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk 需要医疗援助，故选D。
30.细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,
before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10 个月，火车在两周内停靠大约
八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故
选D。
31.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living
in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for
many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然
保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke 说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最
好机会。”)”可知，Ducke 对Saint Lukas 的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
7.【2023 新课标I 卷】
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for
your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.
B. Add-on.
C. Check-in.
D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models.
B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples.
D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed.
B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.
D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B9. A10. C11. A
【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
8.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后
如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选
B。
9.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty
days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that
you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30 天内远离可选的在线活
动。在30 天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”
可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
10.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own
digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform
a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将
借鉴我在2018 年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600 多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一
章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build
a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮
助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第
二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
8.【2023 新课标II 卷】
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in
almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout
history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books
and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —
absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds
of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of
the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in
their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the
raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page
outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as
any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly
networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance
of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book.
B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum.
D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect.
B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading.
D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.
B. Paint.
C. Seize.
D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】8. B9. C10. A11. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
8.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“ Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an
everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.
(Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers 这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的
近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and
could be works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为
艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
9.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。
我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是
关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
10. 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“ artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these
connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school,
with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文
化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及
“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年
前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短
语“relate to”意思最相近的为A 项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电
池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line”
activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达
的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
9.【2023 全国甲卷】
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that
were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a
world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people
who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love
for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work
in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder
like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a
book about undestanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he
does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in
history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own
interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls
them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a
coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is
something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault.
B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder.
D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiners book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiners book?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者在13 岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner 的书The Socrates Express 唤起了作
者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Socrates Express 这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s
World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It
spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13 岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein
Gaarder 的《 Sophie 的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对
我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder 为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。
29.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then
frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a
read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like
Nietzsche. (Weiner 在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框
定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗
一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner 书的内容，接
着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举
了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners 的书。故选D。
30.细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning
to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善
生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express 这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选
B。
31.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves the
quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以
提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners 的书很幽默，根据最后一
段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually
pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express 是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它
以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiners 的
书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners 的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。
10.【2022 新课标I 卷】
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling
lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes
have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes.
B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research.
D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory.
D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve.
B. Oppose.
C. Begin.
D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received.
B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable.D. It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】28 D29. B30. C31. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
28. D。推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to
reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤
独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
29. B。推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing
their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the
creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己
的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很
好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier 通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
30. C。词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“ Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the
creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.
(居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划
线处前的“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson 是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义
与C 项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
31. A。推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the
creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.
(居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最
后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the
project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺
丁山路径”的负责人林恩•刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正
帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
11.【2022 新课标II 卷】
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried
a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the
state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to
be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective.
B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent.
D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from.
B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going.
D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice.
B. Data.
C. Tests.
D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. D 31. B
【解析】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一
名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and
public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when
they are behind the wheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种
各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure,
appears to be getting worse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使
用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。
A 选项ineffective 意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
29. B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted,
emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.”（这项技术可以确
定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer 能够确
定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手
机。”与此相符，故选B。
30. D。词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior.”（我
们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something 是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If
the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell
phone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer 法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的
条件是当Textalyzer 法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故
something 指代的是法律。故选D。
31. B。主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说
服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving
more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是
为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer 技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否
使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的
行为。故B 选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控
器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
12.【2024 新课标I 卷】
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of
travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce
the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil,
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions ( 排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety of food.
B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
29. What information does the convenient app offer?
A. Real-time weather changes.
B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
31. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths.
B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence.
D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输
距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-
Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至
缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
29.细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还
有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。
故选B。
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of
them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage
cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our
environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF 员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行
车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF 的一名员工表
示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF 员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
31.主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-
Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至
缩短了旅程)” 、第三段“ By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a
convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces
the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right
amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF 进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供
不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土
壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their
everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste
reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste,
carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF 员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。
大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减
少浪费。BMF 的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍
了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节
约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
13.【2024 全国甲卷】
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声
音)that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are
special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans
using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find
food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts
as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
24. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.
B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret.
D. It's getting louder with age.
25. How does a pet cat assess different situations?
A. By listening for sounds.
B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells.
D. By communicating with other cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perform appropriately.
B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely.
D. Do better.
27. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat
D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示
爱意。
24.细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all
animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or
look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依
靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought
to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈
妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
25.细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive.
They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但
它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检
查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
26.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人
印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their
owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可
以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch 是用来形容猫在带回东
西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
27.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表
达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习
惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文
章标题最为合适。故选B。
14.【2024 浙江1 月卷】
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a
result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail
Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain
before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project
flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years
“Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area
from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification
Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot
be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating
wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the
University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell
in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one
really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice,
doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded
in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative
legal safety.
28. What does the project aim to do?
A. Conserve moisture in the soil.
B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29. Who are opposed to the project?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials.
D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999?
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
【答案】28. B29. A30. C31. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991 年9 月7 日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加
里的南郊。因此，自1996 年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200 万美元。飞机
在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯
塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷
走。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中“ As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about
$2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical
to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996 年以来，一
组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200 万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学
物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B
项。
29.细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights —
worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔
省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷
走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A 项。
30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research
scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷
风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce
moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克
拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999 年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了
由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水
分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999 年看到的龙卷
风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C 项。
31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop
cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their
impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate
engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智
的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工
降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推
断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D 项。
15.【2022 全国甲卷】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved
skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently
shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical ( 对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on
visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions.
B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around.
D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door.
B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole.
D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【答案】24-27 BCDD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
24. B。事实细节题 根据第一段中的第二句 Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have
proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. 以及该段最后两句 ... the birds were given five
differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 可知，
凤头鹦鹉在笼子里使用工具很熟练，给它们形状不同的“钥匙”以供选择，插入正确的“钥匙”就能把盒
子里的坚果取出来。
25. C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around
one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，
可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
26. D。推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out
whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的
形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
27. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“ Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to
Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦
鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别
形状的凤头鹦鹉。D 项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适
合作为本文标题。故选D。
16.【2020 全国II 卷】
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably
didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for
fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different
styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast
wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in
the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there
can’t handle this non-native species(物种). It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us." says Michael Massimi,
an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince
people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，“To give people a guilt-free option that
they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in
New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria
fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She is trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show
it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed.
B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable.
D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal.
B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful.
D. It’s traditional.
【答案】28-31 AADB
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。
海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平
衡表示担忧。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第二段得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出
海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree 说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否
则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣
时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。
29. A。推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a
tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5 美元，可以推断出科学家们
担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡。
30. D。词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria
collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年
的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20 世纪80 年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but 判断，这
是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不
再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和crashed 倒闭的意思最相近。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第二段得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，
我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。
