14 阅读理解词义猜测题微观应对策略
【策略精析】
一、词语猜测题
词语猜测题主要考查考生猜测文章中某个单词、短语或词块的含义，或考查该词(块)能被哪个单词、
短语或词块代替。此外，也会考查某一个熟词在具体语境中的特殊含义。
在猜测词义时，能利用构词法猜测的一定先利用构词法。
策略1：利用构词法猜测词义
构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且有
双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再
结合语境解题。构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如 2019年全国卷Ⅱ第25题：tug at the
heartstrings中的heartstrings是合成词：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings心弦，故本单词可能与feeling有
关。
【典例】 (2018·北京卷阅读D)
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol －powered private cars
worldwide with electric，self－driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation
80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and
cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be
fielded by ride－hailing services，considering the cost of self－driving technology as well as liability and
maintenance issues (责任与维护问题).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more
people become comfortable with the technology.
49.What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Employed. B.Replaced.
C.Shared. D.Reduced.
【分析】 利用构词法猜测词义。field常用作名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使
用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will
almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”
可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到
“叫车服务”中。
策略2：利用反义词猜测词义
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜
测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词(组)常见的有：(whether)...or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast, contrary to，on the other hand等。
【典例】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the size and consumption habits of our
eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid
eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to
avoid.
13.What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to?
A.Big eaters.
B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters.
D.Tall thin persons.
【分析】 利用反义词猜测词义。根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating
with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to
avoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是
胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。
策略3：利用上下文猜测词义
这是最常见的方法，一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的顺序是：
本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思
【典例】 (2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)
Yet“Apes”is more exception than the rule.In fact，Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit
organization，which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment，is keeping__tabs__on more
than 2，000 productions this year.Already，a number of films，including“Water for Elephants，”“The
Hangover Part Ⅱ”and “Zookeeper，”have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them
haven’t been treated properly.
26.What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Listing completely.
B.Directing professionally.
C.Promoting successfully.
D.Watching carefully.
【分析】 利用上下文猜测词义。根据最近句子 “One nonprofit organization...more than 2，000
productions this year.”可知，一个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的， 这个非
营利组织正在密切关注今年 2 000 多部电影的制作。根据上下文语境，画线短语 keeping tabs on 与monitor(监督)意义最为接近。
策略4：利用“语法关系”猜测词义
【典例】 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal
compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have
caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are
increasingly taking over.
29.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A.Complex. B.Advanced.
C.Powerful. D.Modern.
【分析】 利用“语法关系”猜测词义。根据“dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese
are increasingly taking over”中such as后的内容可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，
dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。
策略5：利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义【典例】 (2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)
While I tend to buy a lot of books，these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I
attach to them.But I imagine that，while money is indeed wonderful and necessary，rereading an author’s work
is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But
remember，it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
26.What does the underlined word“currency”in paragraph 4 refer to?
A.Debt. B.Reward.
C.Allowance. D.Face value.
【分析】 利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义。根据But I imagine that...the highest currency a reader can pay them.
可知，作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此
画线词在此处指“奖励”。
二、代词猜测与句意猜测题
代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。解答这类
题目时候一定要遵循“就近原则”，即：代词往上找，就近原则不能忘，找出离代词最近的名词、词组
或句子等。
【典例】 (2020·浙江7月卷阅读B)
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don’t flash the same length of
green twice in a row，especially at rush hour.At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140
seconds.By 9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds.Less traffic at 9：37 am could
push it down to 135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design.Bellevue，a fast－growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity
around the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.These lights，
known as adaptive signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work
and home.
25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Increased length of green lights.
B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.C. Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.
【分析】
·第一步 确定题干中的关键信息：the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2
·第二步 定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代
的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Just like the traffic itself，
the timing of the signals changes.
·第三步 综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解
释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻，意义吻合是解题关键。
【典例】 (2019·浙江6月卷阅读B)
Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last
month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，
Take What You Need.”
24. What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Money spent without hesitation.
B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions.
D. Money not tied together.
【分析】
·第一步 定位到原句，找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置：money with no strings attached
·第二步 寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
·第三步 分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件
提供钱”。
·第四步 仔细比对选项，Money offered without conditions.符合句意。
【策略精练】
1
The benefit of coconut oil have been a big talking point of late, particularly its health-promoting effects. Butwhat is it about this oil that’s so good for us?
To start with, it’s full of saturated (饱和的) fats that can boost our HDL levels. HDL-C, also known as “good
cholesterol (胆固醇)”, removes “bad cholesterol” from the walls of our blood vessels, thus reducing our risk of
stroke and heart disease. Coconut oil’s fatty acids also protect our stomachs from parasites (寄生虫) and harmful
bacteria that play havoc with our digestive system. Despite such remarkable benefits, it’s important to remember
that coconut oil is high in fat, so consume it in moderation. The daily allowance recommended by some doctors is
two tablespoons of coconut oil.
Our skin is healthier with coconut oil, too. Not only does it keep our skin moist and young-looking, it also
speeds up wound healing and protects against some bacteria that cause pimples (粉刺). As an added bonus, this oil
may have a mild effect in protecting our skin from UV rays.
Incorporating coconut oil into our life is simple. Just replace our regular cooking oil with it, or add a
teaspoonful to our coffee or tea. Externally, coconut oil can be applied to our skin after a bath or shower.
Just as our skin needs to be kept healthy and moisturized, so our lips need maintenance. Once again, coconut
oil is here to help. Its moisturizing and antibacterial properties make coconut oil a great lip balm (润唇膏). Here,
we show you a simple way to make your own coconut oil-based lip balm at home.
You will need: 1.5 tbsp coconut oil; 1.5 tbsp honey; 0.5 tbsp beeswax; a pan; a beaker; a spoon; about 5
empty containers for your lip balm. You could also add a few drops of essential oil (精油) for a scented lip balm
or a small piece of lipstick for a hint of color.
Steps are as follows:
1. Combine all of the ingredients in the beaker. Add water to the pan and put the beaker inside over low heat.
2. Stir continuously with the spoon until the mixture is completely melted.
3. Keep stirring for another 7-10 minutes so that the ingredients are well blended, which will prevent them
from separating as they set.
4. Remove the beaker from the pan and pour the mixture into each container.
5. Allow the mixture to cool and harden.
The homemade lip balm makes a great gift. Your friends and loved ones will be impressed by your efforts
and delighted to receive your personal creation.
1. What does the underlined phrase “play havoc with” probably mean?
A. operate B. damage C. protect D. restore
2. What warning does the text give about coconut oil?
A. It can raise the cholesterol level.
B. You shouldn’t mix it with other oils.C. It may make your skin become sensitive.
D. You should limit its amount in your diet.
3. If you want to use essential oil in your lip balm, when should you add it in?
A. Before the mixture is stirred.
B. After the other ingredients are melted.
C. When the ingredients are added to the beaker.
D. Before the mixture is poured into the containers.
4. What’s the text mainly about?
A. The risks of cooking with coconut oil.
B. The steps to extract coconut oil at home.
C. The reasons why coconut oil is good for health.
D. The benefits of coconut oil and how to use it wisely.
2
In a new blog post for the International Monetary Fund, four researchers presented their findings from a
working paper that examines the current relationship between finance and tech as well as its potential future.
Gazing into their crystal ball, the researchers see the possibility of using the data from your browsing, search,
and purchase history to create a more accurate mechanism for determining the credit rating of an individual or
business. They believe that this approach could result in greater lending to borrowers who would potentially be
denied by traditional financial institutions.
At its heart, the paper is trying to wrestle with the dawning notion that the institutional banking system is
facing a serious threat from tech companies like Google, Facebook, and Apple. The researchers identify two key
areas in which this is true: Tech companies have greater access to soft-information, and messaging platforms can
take the place of the physical locations that banks rely on for meeting with customers.
The concept of using your web history to inform credit ratings is framed around the notion that lenders rely
on hard-data that might hide the worthiness of a borrower or paint an unnecessarily bad picture during hard times.
Citing soft-data points like "the type of browser and hardware used to access the internet, the history of online
searches and purchases" that could be included in evaluating a borrower, the researchers believe that when a
lender has a closer relationship with the potential client's history, they might be more willing to cut them some
slack.
"Banks tend to cushion credit terms for their long-term customers during downturns," the paper's authors
write. This is because they have a history and relationship with the customer.
The researchers acknowledge that there will be privacy and policy concerns related to including this kind ofsoft-data in credit analysis. Getting the soft-data points would probably require companies like Facebook and
Apple to loosen up their standards on linking unencrypted information with individual accounts. How they might
share information with other institutions would be its own can of worms.
5. What is the approach put forward by the researchers?
A. Replacing banks with soft information. B. Lending money by predicting the future.
C. Determining credit ratings by web history.D. Facing the threat posed by high-tech companies.
6. Why do they advocate the new way of rating the borrower’s credit?
A. Traditional finance refuse to lend money.
B. The new approach helps reduce burden on banks.
C. The type of hardware misleads the lender’s judgement.
D. Soft information better reflects the truth than hard data.
7. Which is the closest in meaning with the underlined phrase in Paragraph 4?
A. Be less strict. B. Share interests. C. Forgive others’ fault.D. Cut a piece of bread.
8. What do the researchers worry about?
A. Banks will break up with customers.
B. High tech companies will be in a mess.
C. Sharing information may cause problems of privacy.
D. Competition between tech companies will be more fierce.
3
Scientists say a huge percentage of bird species are in danger because their habitats, or homelands, are
disappearing.
Traditional migration (迁徙) paths take birds through countries that are not protecting the places for birds to
stop, rest and feed. The scientists studied the migration or flight paths of almost 1,500 species. They decided that
91 percent of them passed through dangerous areas.
The major danger for migratory birds is development. Buildings and pavements have covered the places
where birds stop and feed as they move from one part of the world to another. One of the scientists who worked
on the study says “Many of these important places have been lost to land reclamation because of urban, industrial
and agricultural land expansion”.
The problem, according to scientists, is that many of these small birds die along their migration paths
because they don’t have a safe place to feed and rest. There is no place to restore (恢复) their energy for the next
part of their journey. Countries in North Africa, Central Asia and those along the coasts of East Asia are having the
most difficult time in protecting land. The scientists say these countries do not have enough areas that are safe forbirds. One species that doesn’t exist now is the Eskimo curlew. “Our world gets poorer every time we lose a
species,” one of the scientists says.
The researchers say countries need to work together and come up with safe stopping areas for birds that pass
through their boundaries. For example, one country might have preserved safe zones for migrating birds. But a
neighbor country might not. A bird might die.
One scientist who is not connected with the report tells Los Angeles Times that while some habitats are
changing, more work can be done to make urban areas safe for birds.
He says small changes, like planting more native plants or keeping cats out of the areas birds would be likely
to use, could make a big difference.
9. The disappearance of the bird habitats is mainly caused by ________.
A. development B. the change of climate
C. filling seas to grow grain D. the loss of land and water
10. What do the underlined words “land reclamation” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Abusing the farming land. B. The disappearance of good land.
C. Causing the land quality to get worse. D. Making land suitable for farming or building.
11. Many birds die on the way of migration mainly because they ________.
A. are harmed by humans B. are killed by other animals
C. have to take a long journey D. have no safe place to rest and eat
12. According to the researchers, how can we protect the migrating birds?
A. By keeping fewer cats or dogs.
B. By stopping the urban development.
C. By helping change the birds’ migration paths.
D. By preserving the local ecological environments.
4
If you're planning to go on a diet, or if you suffer from serious conditions like diabetes(糖尿病)，knowing
exactly what and how much you're eating is essential. In this day and age, we have calorie and nutritional
calculators even on our smartphones, but they act only as guides, whereas Panasonic's revolutionary new device,
CaloRieco, actually analyzes the food on your plate and provides accurate information about in just a few
seconds.
You've probably used calorie calculators before, and you know that they only offer general information. For
example, a calculator will tell you the average number of calories in a hamburger, but it can't tell you exactly how
many calories are in the hamburger. The same goes for nutrients like protein or fats. And this is what makes thenew CaloRieco so special.
Displayed at a recent tech show, CaloRieco is a high-tech device that uses light reflection technology to
determine the nutritional values of almost any food and also provide accurate calorie estimates. All you have to do
is put your plate in the box-shaped device and wait between and 20 seconds for it to analyze all the food on there.
Once it's done analyzing the various ingredients in your meal, CaloRieco displays the number of calories, as
well as the nutritional content on an LED display. According to Panasonic, the device is able to recognize the vast
majority of foods, except soups and very dark dishes.
CaloRieco can also connect to your smartphone via an app, and send all the data about analyzed foods to
your handheld, so you can access it whenever you need.
Panasonic said that its outstanding invention is aimed at dieters and diabetes sufferers, both of which make
up a sizable market.Unfortunately, you'll have to wait a bit longer to get your hands on your very own CaloRieco,
as the device presented at the show is just a prototype(样品)which needs to be improved. It's scheduled to hit the
market sometime in the next few years, but the price remains a mystery.
13. According to the text, CaloRieco_________.
A. needs a long time to analyze the food
B. can display the food data on the smartphone directly
C. can count the calories of all foods on your plate
D. may be well received among dieters and diabetes sufferers
14. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A. Smartphone. B. App. C. Data. D. Food.
15. What can we infer about CaloRieco from the last paragraph?
A. It's perfect. B. It's promising.
C. It's costly. D. It's portable.
5
A modem phone can put the world at the user’s fingertips. Calls, messaging, photos and information access,
all make for a better lifestyle. But sometimes, these phones are of little practical use. Leku Wuniure’s 63-year-old
mother communicates in the Yi language, because she can’t read Chinese or speak Mandarin and is even unable to
read numbers. As a result, a very simple, taken-for-granted feature of any modern phone like finding someone, can
prove to be difficult. Whenever she wants to call her son, she has to ask someone to help her to dial his number.
Leku, 25, a young man of the Yi ethnic (彝族) group, naturally, wanted to help. So he created an app that
responds to his mother’s request to “call my son” in the Yi language. Once this is said, the app will automatically
dial his number. The app is called Yayou. It turned out to be a fantastic aid for his mother and has also benefitedmany among the more than 8 million Yi people in China.
“With the app, I wanted to help my mom, as well as the Yi people,” says Leku, a college student at
Chongqing University. “Besides my mother’s plight, I’ve also witnessed some villagers, who left to make a living
as workers in cities, suffering financial losses or misunderstanding due to the obstacles (障碍) in communication.”
The dream is becoming bigger-after more than two years’ development, Leku and his partner Mise Achang
are ready to launch an updated version of their app in May. The 2.0 version of Yayou will have several new
functions, providing news and entertainment content, as well as online shopping services, in both the Yi and
Chinese languages. What’s more exciting, some users will be able to test the new voice assistant function and
interact with their smartphone in the Yi language, before its final release.
With the app, users could listen to more songs, watch videos and read news presented on the app in the Yi
language. The app, apart from bringing greater convenience, can also serve as an important cultural tool. It can be
used as a database to collect oral and written records of Yi culture and help keep it.
16. What makes it hard for Leku’s Mother to ring him up?
A. New technology. B. Language difficulty. C. Her old age. D. The complex
number.
17. What does the underlined word “plight” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Understanding. B. Impression. C. Trouble. D. Request.
18. What is the best title for the passage?
A. App Helps Ring in a Better Life B. Mother’s Request Is Satisfied
C. A Practical App for Cellphone D. A Clever Son and His Mother
6
Supermarket shelves are filled with plant-based alternatives to cow milk, including soy, nut, and coconut
milk. These products are popular with consumers who cannot drink cows' milk for health reasons, as well as with
those concerned about animal welfare and environmental sustainability（持续性）. While the dairy-free（非乳
制的）options work well with cereal or in coffee, they fail miserably when it comes to making milk-based
products like cheese or yogurt. However, these shortcomings may soon be a thing of the past, thanks to a new
company in California, which has figured out how to create animal-free milk in a laboratory！
Perumal Gandhi and Ryan Pandya founded the company in 2014 after becoming increasingly annoyed with
the lack of cows' milk-free alternatives, particularly for cheese. For Gandhi, who stopped consuming animal
products five years earlier due to environmental and animal welfare concerns, the motivation to create a better
alternative stemmed from his love of cheesy pizza. Pandya was spurred into taking action after being forced to eat
some "really bad" dairy-free cream cheese on his sandwich.The two MIT biomedical engineering（生物医学工程）scientists decided to join forces to create a more
realistic alternative to dairy-based products. In their university lab, they spent nine months first separating cow
DNA then inserting it into yeast（酵母）. This genetic modification（基因修饰）enabled the yeast to produce
the necessary milk proteins. The final step of the process involved mixing the proteins with some plant nutrients
and fats.
The dairy-free milk not only tastes like the real thing but is also healthier, has a longer shelf life and, the most
important of all, is Earth-friendly. According to the company's website, when compared to conventional milk
production, their process uses 65% less energy, creates 84% less greenhouse gas emissions and requires 91% less
land and an amazing 98% less water. Best of all, since it contains real milk proteins, the product behaves like the
cow-produced version, which means vegetarian consumers will no longer have to deal with soggy cheese on their
sandwiches and pizzas.
The company plans to bring their creation to market later this year and their first product will most likely be
cheese since there are already numerous good cows' milk alternatives available to consumers.
19. The underlined word "those" in paragraph 1 refers to .
A. alternatives B. products C. people D. reasons
20. Why were the company's founders motivated to make the new product?
A. They were concerned about the environment.
B. The dairy-free cheese available tasted bad.
C. The dairy-based products were over-consumed.
D. Farm animals were poorly treated.
21. What can we learn from this passage?
A. The dairy-free products can only be stored for a short time.
B. The new products will taste better than dairy-based ones.
C. The company may bring animal-free cheese to market this year.
D. The dairy-free milk will be more expensive than cow's milk.
22. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Healthier Cheese B. New Milk Saves Planet
C. Fresher Milk, Better Future D. Making Milk without Cows
7
Nasr Majid started hunting this fall at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) on the Eastern Shore of
Maryland in USA. He’s one of the relatively few new hunters who officials hope will help stop a nearly four-
decade decline nationally in what has become a hobby for fewer than 5 percent of Americans.Natural resources and wildlife officials in Maryland are encouraging hunting of deer, turkeys and some other
wild animals, which is believed to be good for the environment. Without hunting, they say, sika deer will
overpopulate the wildlife refuge and they’ll overeat the bushes and other plants that provide important habitat for
birds. On the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, hunting is also important to prevent the spread of diseases
such as Lyme.
In many families, the hunting tradition has been handed down for generations. But as longtime sportsmen age
and children lose interest, the number of hunters in the United States fell by 2 million, from 2011 to 2018, to about
11 million.
“Everything is changing. Kids are growing up in front of video games and computers instead of going
hunting.” said Chris Markin, a hunting specialist for the state natural resources department. “Adults usually focus
on working and providing for their families. Those pressures are preventing many other potential hunters from
going out, and from raising the next generation of hunters.”
To avoid such a decline, a new approach is needed. Government agencies and nonprofit groups are now
launching mentoring (指导) programs to train more hunters, which not only helps preserve an industry and a
culture but also means more protection for wildlife and their habitats through deer population control and
investment.
Luckily, there are those still eager to learn, like Majid. He was just looking for an outdoor hobby he could
share with his children when he came across the mentorship program. Now, he feels capable of hunting on his
own, but also has someone he can text with questions that pop up. His new pastime has already paid off for him
—on his second hunt with his mentor, in the last minutes of daylight, he bagged his first deer.
23. In this passage,Nasr Majid is considered as a symbol of________.
A. devotion B. bravery C. enthusiasm D. hope
24. What can be inferred from Chris Markin’s words?
A. No one is interested in hunting any more.
B. The hunting tradition is facing challenges.
C. Parents fail to spend enough time with kids.
D. Hunting adds to many adults life pressures.
25. What does the underlined words“new pastime”refer to?
A. Raising questions. B. Looking for hunters.
C. Learning to hunt. D. Sharing a new hobby.
26. What is the best title for the text?
A. Teach hunters new skills B. Make Hunting More PopularC. Reduce the pressure of life D. Train more skilled hunters
8
This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for
autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars
perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area
between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it
never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the
driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully
driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.
“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be
watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless
cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated
without operation.
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at
Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided
driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless
cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.
27. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A place where cars often break down.
B. A case where passing a law is impossible.
C. An area where no driving is permitted.
D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.
28. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.
A. stop people from breaking traffic rulesB. help promote fully automatic driving
C. protect drivers of all ages and races
D. prevent serious property damage
29. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.
B. It should be the main concern of law makers.
C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It should involve no human responsibility.
30. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________.
A. Singapore
B. the UK
C. the US
D. Germany
31. What could be the best title for passage?
A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?
B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough
C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed
D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
9
People sometimes say, "It's raining cats and dogs!” when there is a heavy rain. Nobody has ever really seen
cats and dogs falling from the sky, but there have been many reports of other strange things “raining” down. In
1956, the people of a town in the USA saw a small black cloud in the sky. It started to rain from the cloud
normally, but only in a small area. The cloud then turned white, and fish started to fall to the ground. Most of them
were still alive.
During a storm in July 1901, in Minneapolis, people heard something falling from the sky that did not sound
like rain. When they went outside, they found all types of frogs covering four streets.
There are other reports of strange “rains” failing from the sky including worms, insects and snakes.
Can these strange “rains” be explained by science? Scientists usually say that a tornado （龙卷风）has
picked up the animals from a river or ocean, carried them for miles, and then dropped them somewhere else. But
this does not completely explain all of them. On May 15, 1890, in Italy, there was a rain of blood-birds' blood.
Scientists said that flying birds must have been torn（撕碎）to pieces by strong winds. But if so, why did only
their blood fall from the sky, and not other parts of their bodies? And anyway, there were no strong winds thatday!
32. What does it mean when people say, “It's raining cats and dogs”?
A. Cats and dogs are falling from the sky. B. It's raining heavily.
C. Animals started to fall to the ground. D. There is a black cloud.
33. Which of the following has not been reported as strange things failing from the sky?
A. Cats and dogs. B. Worms and insects.
C. Fish and blood. D. Snakes and frogs.
34. According to scientists, what can move things from the ground to the sky?
A. Storms. B. Rains. C. Clouds. D. Tornadoes.
35. Scientists’ explanation for rain of blood is that________.
A. the tornado picked up the birds' blood.
B. there were no strong winds that day.
C. flying birds were tom into pieces by strong winds.
D. other parts of birds’ bodies did not fall with the blood.
36. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. Strange “Winds”. B. Strange “Clouds”.
C. Strange “Rains”. D. Strange “Animals”.
10
Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and
our experiences? Strangely enough, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is
given to us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low
intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than
one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth, but
whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can
be supported in a number of ways.
It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood
relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated
people at random (随机地) from the population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely
different. If on the other hand we take two identical (完全相同的) twins they will very likely be as intelligent as
each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this
clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.
Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, forexample, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in
intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also
suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely
to have similar degrees of intelligence.
37. Which of these sentences best describes the writer's point in Para. 1?
A. To some extent, intelligence is given at birth.
B. Intelligence is developed by the environment.
C. Some people are born clever and others born stupid.
D. Intelligence is fixed at birth, but is developed by the environment.
38. It is suggested in this passage that _________.
A. unrelated people are not likely to have different intelligence
B. close relations usually have similar intelligence
C. the closer the blood relationship between people, the more different they are likely to be in intelligence
D. people who live in close contact with each other are not likely to have similar degrees of intelligence
39. In Para. 1, the word "surroundings" means ________.
A. intelligence B. life
C. environments D. housing
40. The best title for this article would be________.
A. On Intelligence
B. What Intelligence Means
C. We are Born with Intelligence
D. Environment Plays a Part in Developing Intelligence
11
On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York
friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was
approaching their table.
“Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi?” the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the
stranger. “I’m from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also
pulled up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,” Welty said, “I didn’t know what my New York friends
were thinking.”Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was
pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her
hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a
Mississippi state reunion.
“My friend said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the
people that make me write them.’”
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this
explanation.
“I don’t make them up.” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don’t have to.”
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons
spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations
overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a
train, she hears only fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
41. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?
A. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
B. Two strangers joined her.
C. Her childhood friends came in.
D. Some people held a party there.
42. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s ________.
A. readers B. friends
C. stories D. parties
43. What can we learn about the characters in Welty’s fiction?
A. They are mostly women.
B. They live in big cities.
C. They are pleasure seekers.
D. They come from real life.
12
The word “adulting” started as a kind of joke—whenever a millennial (千禧一代) would do something as an
adult does, this was an act of “adulting”. However, now, millennials clearly need training in being an adult.
Rachel Flehinger has founded an Adulting School, which includes online classes on simple sewing (缝纫),
problems solving and cooking. The cause for such classes is that many millennials haven’t left childhood homes—
in America 34 percent of adults aged 18 to 34 still lived with their parents in 2015, up from 26 percent 10 yearsbefore. There’s a good deal of truth to this. If you’re living at home, with Mom and Dad doing their best to spoil
(溺爱) you, you’re less likely to know how to wash clothes, cook or make the bed. Dependency leads to
enervation. Over time, you are unable to adult.
But living at home doesn’t necessarily bring dependency. Back in 1940, 30 percent of 25-to-29-year-olds
lived at home with parents or grandparents. But they were adulting. Parents expected their kids to do housework,
and to prepare for life. Then, what’s the real problem now?
Instead of blaming (责备) living at home, we have to blame our style of parenting. The truth is that we’ve
simply become lazier as parents. We’re more likely to let our kids lie on a sofa than tell them to get a job. We
don’t push our kids to build families of their own, because life cost has increased. Then the question is how we
can encourage young people to “adult” in such a situation.
44. What is the purpose of showing the data (数据) in paragraph 2?
A. To show that millennials liked to live with their parents.
B. To show that the Adulting School became popular in 2015.
C. To show that more adults still depended on their parents.
D. To show that the online courses were necessary to learn.
45. Which of the following can best explain “enervation”?
A. Emergency B. Argument C. Tension D. Weakness
46. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the last two paragraphs?
A. Living at home certainly leads to dependency.
B. Parents are too lazy to do housework.
C. We often tell kids to get a job.
D. Kids are not pushed to start their own families.
47. What does this passage mainly talk about?
A. What the life of the millennials is like.
B. Why millennials need adulting training.
C. How parents encourage millennials to “adult”.
D. How parents educated kids in the past.
13
Tourism can be both good and bad. Yes, it brings in money for the local economy and creates lots of jobs for
locals, but it may also bring some problems.
One growing problem is tourists who want to prove that they have visited someplace. Tourists have used
paint, rocks, or even keys to write on the Luxor Temple in Egypt, the Colosseum in Rome, Stonehenge in the UK,memorial stones at the bottom of Qomolangma, and many, many other places. Thousands of tourists sites are
being destroyed by tourists who “love them to death”. I have three words for people like this: please stop it. If you
want to leave a mark on the world, do it by changing someone’s life with kindness and love. Pass kindness along
to future generations, not destruction.
Another big problem in some places has been tourists disturbing the local people and life. Some tourists
wander around and take pictures of local people without asking for their permission. For example, Chiang Mai
University in Thailand and Yonsei University in South Korea have great numbers of tourists visiting their
campuses and walking through their libraries and other public areas, taking pictures of students and disturbing
their studies. I have three words for tourists like this: please be considerate. I have three words for people like this:
please stop it.
The number of problems from tourists is endless: walking in large groups without considering others who
need to walk by, crossing roads without observing local traffic laws, and many more. The only way to solve the
issue of the terrible tourist is to make sure that you are not one! Be the best, kindest, most polite tourist possible.
Remember, whenever you step outside your country’s borders, you are representing your country to the rest of the
world.
48. What does the writer say is the only way to solve the problem of the terrible tourist?
A. Make sure that you are not one of those terrible tourist B. Be the best and kindest tourist possible
C. Be the most polite tourist possible D. All of the above
49. What does the author mean by the underlined word “destruction” in Paragraph 2?
A. Impressing somebody. B. Destroying something.
C. Annoying somebody. D. Reviving someplace
50. Which of the following is true?
A. As tourists, we can do what we like to do.
B. It is easy to solve the problems tourism brings.
C. Being taken photos makes local people happy.
D. Tourists have used paint, rocks or even keys to write on some attractions.
51. What’s the best title of the passage?
A. The number of problems from tourists is endless B. Tourism brings some problems
C. Be a good tourist D. Stop destroying
14
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting sick, a new American
study suggests.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a
generally sunny character were less likely to fail ill.
The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional
style” can help ward off the common cold and other illness.
“People with a positive emotional style may have different immune（免疫的）responses to the virus,”
explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do
get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.”
Cohen and his colleagues has found in a previous study that happier people seemed less likely to catch a
cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional quality itself had the effect.
For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality
qualities, physicals health and “emotional style”.
Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy–going were judged as having a positive emotional style,
while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile（敌意的）had a negative style.
Afterwards, the researchers gave them nose drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus that
causes flu-like symptoms. Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing they had.
Cohen and his colleagues found that happy people were less likely to develop a cold.
What`s more, when happy folks did develop a cold, their symptoms were less severe than expected based on
objective measures.
In contrast, people with negative characters were not at increased risk of developing a cold based on
objective measures, though they did tend to get down about their symptoms.
“We find that it`s really positive emotions that have the big effect,” Cohen said, “not the negative ones.”
So can a bad-tempered person fight a cold by deciding to be happy?
52. What does the underlined phrase "ward off" in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Get close to. B. Keep away from.
C. Get used to. D. Go on with.
53. What was the purpose of Cohen's new study?
A. To find effective ways to fight illnesses.
B. To test people's different immune responses to cold virus.
C. To tell differences between happy people and unhappy people.
D. To examine whether health was related to emotional styles,
54. How did Cohen reach his conclusion?
A. By comparing different experimental results.B. By asking the volunteers to complete n form.
C. By collecting data among people with n cold.
D. By observing the volunteers' symptoms.
55. What can we conclude from the text?
A. Success is the twin of positive spirits.
B. We get more by being more positive.
C. The happier we are, the fewer colds we will suffer.
D. Physical health is more important than mental health.
15
When I was 8 years old, I decided to run away from home after a quarrel with my mother. With my suitcase
packed and some sandwiches in a bag, I started for the front door.
My mom asked where I was going. “I’m leaving home,” I said.
“What’s that you’re carrying?” she asked.
“Some clothes and food,” I replied.
“If you want to run away, that’s all right,” she said. “But you came into this home without anything and you
can leave the same way.”
I threw my suitcase and sandwiches on the floor and started for the door again.
“Wait a minute,” Mom said. “You didn’t have any clothes on when you arrived, and I want them back.”
This infuriated me. I tore my clothes off — shoes, socks, underwear and all — and shouted, “Can I go
now?”
“Yes,” my mom answered, “but once you close that door, don’t expect to come back.”
I was so angry that I shut the door forcefully and stepped out of my home. Then I noticed down the street two
neighbor girls walking toward our house. I was so shy that I saw the big spruce (云杉) tree in our yard and
jumped under the low-hanging branches (树枝). A pile of dried-up brown needles (针状物) were beneath the tree,
and you can’t imagine the pain those sharp needles caused to my body.
After I was sure the girls had passed by, I ran to the front door and knocked at it loudly.
“It’s Billy! Let me in!”
The voice behind the door answered, “Billy doesn’t live here anymore. He ran away from home.”
Looking behind me to see if anyone else was coming down the street, I said, “Mom! I’m sorry. I’m still your
son. Let me in!”
The door opened and Mom’s smiling face appeared. “Did you change your mind about running away?” she
asked.
“What’s for supper?” I smiled back.56. When the author was leaving home, his mother ordered him to _____.
A. stay at home B. take some sandwiches
C. leave everything behind D. check his suitcase carefully
57. The underlined word “infuriated” probably means “_____”.
A. surprised B. warned
C. encouraged D. angered
58. Why did the author jump under the low-hanging branches?
A. To avoid being seen. B. To find some needles.
C. To play a joke on the two girls. D. To attract the two girls’ attention.
59. The last sentence “What’s for supper?” mainly shows that the author _____.
A. changed his plan to leave home
B. felt very hungry at that time
C. wished to eat something before leaving
D. wanted to know what his mother prepared for supper
