14 阅读理解词义猜测题微观应对策略
【策略精析】
一、词语猜测题
词语猜测题主要考查考生猜测文章中某个单词、短语或词块的含义，或考查该词(块)能被哪个单词、
短语或词块代替。此外，也会考查某一个熟词在具体语境中的特殊含义。
在猜测词义时，能利用构词法猜测的一定先利用构词法。
策略1：利用构词法猜测词义
构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且有
双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再
结合语境解题。构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如 2019年全国卷Ⅱ第25题：tug at the
heartstrings中的heartstrings是合成词：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings心弦，故本单词可能与feeling有
关。
【典例】 (2018·北京卷阅读D)
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol －powered private cars
worldwide with electric，self－driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation
80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and
cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be
fielded by ride－hailing services，considering the cost of self－driving technology as well as liability and
maintenance issues (责任与维护问题).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more
people become comfortable with the technology.
49.What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Employed. B.Replaced.
C.Shared. D.Reduced.
【分析】 利用构词法猜测词义。field常用作名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使
用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will
almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”
可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到
“叫车服务”中。
策略2：利用反义词猜测词义
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜
测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词(组)常见的有：(whether)...or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast, contrary to，on the other hand等。
【典例】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the size and consumption habits of our
eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid
eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to
avoid.
13.What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to?
A.Big eaters.
B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters.
D.Tall thin persons.
【分析】 利用反义词猜测词义。根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating
with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to
avoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是
胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。
策略3：利用上下文猜测词义
这是最常见的方法，一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的顺序是：
本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思
【典例】 (2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)
Yet“Apes”is more exception than the rule.In fact，Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit
organization，which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment，is keeping__tabs__on more
than 2，000 productions this year.Already，a number of films，including“Water for Elephants，”“The
Hangover Part Ⅱ”and “Zookeeper，”have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them
haven’t been treated properly.
26.What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Listing completely.
B.Directing professionally.
C.Promoting successfully.
D.Watching carefully.
【分析】 利用上下文猜测词义。根据最近句子 “One nonprofit organization...more than 2，000
productions this year.”可知，一个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的， 这个非
营利组织正在密切关注今年 2 000 多部电影的制作。根据上下文语境，画线短语 keeping tabs on 与monitor(监督)意义最为接近。
策略4：利用“语法关系”猜测词义
【典例】 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal
compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have
caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are
increasingly taking over.
29.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A.Complex. B.Advanced.
C.Powerful. D.Modern.
【分析】 利用“语法关系”猜测词义。根据“dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese
are increasingly taking over”中such as后的内容可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，
dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。
策略5：利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义【典例】 (2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)
While I tend to buy a lot of books，these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I
attach to them.But I imagine that，while money is indeed wonderful and necessary，rereading an author’s work
is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But
remember，it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
26.What does the underlined word“currency”in paragraph 4 refer to?
A.Debt. B.Reward.
C.Allowance. D.Face value.
【分析】 利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义。根据But I imagine that...the highest currency a reader can pay them.
可知，作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此
画线词在此处指“奖励”。
二、代词猜测与句意猜测题
代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。解答这类
题目时候一定要遵循“就近原则”，即：代词往上找，就近原则不能忘，找出离代词最近的名词、词组
或句子等。
【典例】 (2020·浙江7月卷阅读B)
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don’t flash the same length of
green twice in a row，especially at rush hour.At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140
seconds.By 9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds.Less traffic at 9：37 am could
push it down to 135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design.Bellevue，a fast－growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity
around the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.These lights，
known as adaptive signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work
and home.
25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Increased length of green lights.
B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.C. Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.
【分析】
·第一步 确定题干中的关键信息：the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2
·第二步 定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代
的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Just like the traffic itself，
the timing of the signals changes.
·第三步 综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解
释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻，意义吻合是解题关键。
【典例】 (2019·浙江6月卷阅读B)
Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last
month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，
Take What You Need.”
24. What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Money spent without hesitation.
B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions.
D. Money not tied together.
【分析】
·第一步 定位到原句，找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置：money with no strings attached
·第二步 寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
·第三步 分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件
提供钱”。
·第四步 仔细比对选项，Money offered without conditions.符合句意。
【策略精练】
1
The benefit of coconut oil have been a big talking point of late, particularly its health-promoting effects. Butwhat is it about this oil that’s so good for us?
To start with, it’s full of saturated (饱和的) fats that can boost our HDL levels. HDL-C, also known as “good
cholesterol (胆固醇)”, removes “bad cholesterol” from the walls of our blood vessels, thus reducing our risk of
stroke and heart disease. Coconut oil’s fatty acids also protect our stomachs from parasites (寄生虫) and harmful
bacteria that play havoc with our digestive system. Despite such remarkable benefits, it’s important to remember
that coconut oil is high in fat, so consume it in moderation. The daily allowance recommended by some doctors is
two tablespoons of coconut oil.
Our skin is healthier with coconut oil, too. Not only does it keep our skin moist and young-looking, it also
speeds up wound healing and protects against some bacteria that cause pimples (粉刺). As an added bonus, this oil
may have a mild effect in protecting our skin from UV rays.
Incorporating coconut oil into our life is simple. Just replace our regular cooking oil with it, or add a
teaspoonful to our coffee or tea. Externally, coconut oil can be applied to our skin after a bath or shower.
Just as our skin needs to be kept healthy and moisturized, so our lips need maintenance. Once again, coconut
oil is here to help. Its moisturizing and antibacterial properties make coconut oil a great lip balm (润唇膏). Here,
we show you a simple way to make your own coconut oil-based lip balm at home.
You will need: 1.5 tbsp coconut oil; 1.5 tbsp honey; 0.5 tbsp beeswax; a pan; a beaker; a spoon; about 5
empty containers for your lip balm. You could also add a few drops of essential oil (精油) for a scented lip balm
or a small piece of lipstick for a hint of color.
Steps are as follows:
1. Combine all of the ingredients in the beaker. Add water to the pan and put the beaker inside over low heat.
2. Stir continuously with the spoon until the mixture is completely melted.
3. Keep stirring for another 7-10 minutes so that the ingredients are well blended, which will prevent them
from separating as they set.
4. Remove the beaker from the pan and pour the mixture into each container.
5. Allow the mixture to cool and harden.
The homemade lip balm makes a great gift. Your friends and loved ones will be impressed by your efforts
and delighted to receive your personal creation.
1. What does the underlined phrase “play havoc with” probably mean?
A. operate B. damage C. protect D. restore
2. What warning does the text give about coconut oil?
A. It can raise the cholesterol level.
B. You shouldn’t mix it with other oils.C. It may make your skin become sensitive.
D. You should limit its amount in your diet.
3. If you want to use essential oil in your lip balm, when should you add it in?
A. Before the mixture is stirred.
B. After the other ingredients are melted.
C. When the ingredients are added to the beaker.
D. Before the mixture is poured into the containers.
4. What’s the text mainly about?
A. The risks of cooking with coconut oil.
B. The steps to extract coconut oil at home.
C. The reasons why coconut oil is good for health.
D. The benefits of coconut oil and how to use it wisely.
2
In a new blog post for the International Monetary Fund, four researchers presented their findings from a
working paper that examines the current relationship between finance and tech as well as its potential future.
Gazing into their crystal ball, the researchers see the possibility of using the data from your browsing, search,
and purchase history to create a more accurate mechanism for determining the credit rating of an individual or
business. They believe that this approach could result in greater lending to borrowers who would potentially be
denied by traditional financial institutions.
At its heart, the paper is trying to wrestle with the dawning notion that the institutional banking system is
facing a serious threat from tech companies like Google, Facebook, and Apple. The researchers identify two key
areas in which this is true: Tech companies have greater access to soft-information, and messaging platforms can
take the place of the physical locations that banks rely on for meeting with customers.
The concept of using your web history to inform credit ratings is framed around the notion that lenders rely
on hard-data that might hide the worthiness of a borrower or paint an unnecessarily bad picture during hard times.
Citing soft-data points like "the type of browser and hardware used to access the internet, the history of online
searches and purchases" that could be included in evaluating a borrower, the researchers believe that when a
lender has a closer relationship with the potential client's history, they might be more willing to cut them some
slack.
"Banks tend to cushion credit terms for their long-term customers during downturns," the paper's authors
write. This is because they have a history and relationship with the customer.
The researchers acknowledge that there will be privacy and policy concerns related to including this kind ofsoft-data in credit analysis. Getting the soft-data points would probably require companies like Facebook and
Apple to loosen up their standards on linking unencrypted information with individual accounts. How they might
share information with other institutions would be its own can of worms.
5. What is the approach put forward by the researchers?
A. Replacing banks with soft information. B. Lending money by predicting the future.
C. Determining credit ratings by web history.D. Facing the threat posed by high-tech companies.
6. Why do they advocate the new way of rating the borrower’s credit?
A. Traditional finance refuse to lend money.
B. The new approach helps reduce burden on banks.
C. The type of hardware misleads the lender’s judgement.
D. Soft information better reflects the truth than hard data.
7. Which is the closest in meaning with the underlined phrase in Paragraph 4?
A. Be less strict. B. Share interests. C. Forgive others’ fault.D. Cut a piece of bread.
8. What do the researchers worry about?
A. Banks will break up with customers.
B. High tech companies will be in a mess.
C. Sharing information may cause problems of privacy.
D. Competition between tech companies will be more fierce.
3
Scientists say a huge percentage of bird species are in danger because their habitats, or homelands, are
disappearing.
Traditional migration (迁徙) paths take birds through countries that are not protecting the places for birds to
stop, rest and feed. The scientists studied the migration or flight paths of almost 1,500 species. They decided that
91 percent of them passed through dangerous areas.
The major danger for migratory birds is development. Buildings and pavements have covered the places
where birds stop and feed as they move from one part of the world to another. One of the scientists who worked
on the study says “Many of these important places have been lost to land reclamation because of urban, industrial
and agricultural land expansion”.
The problem, according to scientists, is that many of these small birds die along their migration paths
because they don’t have a safe place to feed and rest. There is no place to restore (恢复) their energy for the next
part of their journey. Countries in North Africa, Central Asia and those along the coasts of East Asia are having the
most difficult time in protecting land. The scientists say these countries do not have enough areas that are safe forbirds. One species that doesn’t exist now is the Eskimo curlew. “Our world gets poorer every time we lose a
species,” one of the scientists says.
The researchers say countries need to work together and come up with safe stopping areas for birds that pass
through their boundaries. For example, one country might have preserved safe zones for migrating birds. But a
neighbor country might not. A bird might die.
One scientist who is not connected with the report tells Los Angeles Times that while some habitats are
changing, more work can be done to make urban areas safe for birds.
He says small changes, like planting more native plants or keeping cats out of the areas birds would be likely
to use, could make a big difference.
9. The disappearance of the bird habitats is mainly caused by ________.
A. development B. the change of climate
C. filling seas to grow grain D. the loss of land and water
10. What do the underlined words “land reclamation” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Abusing the farming land. B. The disappearance of good land.
C. Causing the land quality to get worse. D. Making land suitable for farming or building.
11. Many birds die on the way of migration mainly because they ________.
A. are harmed by humans B. are killed by other animals
C. have to take a long journey D. have no safe place to rest and eat
12. According to the researchers, how can we protect the migrating birds?
A. By keeping fewer cats or dogs.
B. By stopping the urban development.
C. By helping change the birds’ migration paths.
D. By preserving the local ecological environments.
4
If you're planning to go on a diet, or if you suffer from serious conditions like diabetes(糖尿病)，knowing
exactly what and how much you're eating is essential. In this day and age, we have calorie and nutritional
calculators even on our smartphones, but they act only as guides, whereas Panasonic's revolutionary new device,
CaloRieco, actually analyzes the food on your plate and provides accurate information about in just a few
seconds.
You've probably used calorie calculators before, and you know that they only offer general information. For
example, a calculator will tell you the average number of calories in a hamburger, but it can't tell you exactly how
many calories are in the hamburger. The same goes for nutrients like protein or fats. And this is what makes thenew CaloRieco so special.
Displayed at a recent tech show, CaloRieco is a high-tech device that uses light reflection technology to
determine the nutritional values of almost any food and also provide accurate calorie estimates. All you have to do
is put your plate in the box-shaped device and wait between and 20 seconds for it to analyze all the food on there.
Once it's done analyzing the various ingredients in your meal, CaloRieco displays the number of calories, as
well as the nutritional content on an LED display. According to Panasonic, the device is able to recognize the vast
majority of foods, except soups and very dark dishes.
CaloRieco can also connect to your smartphone via an app, and send all the data about analyzed foods to
your handheld, so you can access it whenever you need.
Panasonic said that its outstanding invention is aimed at dieters and diabetes sufferers, both of which make
up a sizable market.Unfortunately, you'll have to wait a bit longer to get your hands on your very own CaloRieco,
as the device presented at the show is just a prototype(样品)which needs to be improved. It's scheduled to hit the
market sometime in the next few years, but the price remains a mystery.
13. According to the text, CaloRieco_________.
A. needs a long time to analyze the food
B. can display the food data on the smartphone directly
C. can count the calories of all foods on your plate
D. may be well received among dieters and diabetes sufferers
14. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A. Smartphone. B. App. C. Data. D. Food.
15. What can we infer about CaloRieco from the last paragraph?
A. It's perfect. B. It's promising.
C. It's costly. D. It's portable.
5
A modem phone can put the world at the user’s fingertips. Calls, messaging, photos and information access,
all make for a better lifestyle. But sometimes, these phones are of little practical use. Leku Wuniure’s 63-year-old
mother communicates in the Yi language, because she can’t read Chinese or speak Mandarin and is even unable to
read numbers. As a result, a very simple, taken-for-granted feature of any modern phone like finding someone, can
prove to be difficult. Whenever she wants to call her son, she has to ask someone to help her to dial his number.
Leku, 25, a young man of the Yi ethnic (彝族) group, naturally, wanted to help. So he created an app that
responds to his mother’s request to “call my son” in the Yi language. Once this is said, the app will automatically
dial his number. The app is called Yayou. It turned out to be a fantastic aid for his mother and has also benefitedmany among the more than 8 million Yi people in China.
“With the app, I wanted to help my mom, as well as the Yi people,” says Leku, a college student at
Chongqing University. “Besides my mother’s plight, I’ve also witnessed some villagers, who left to make a living
as workers in cities, suffering financial losses or misunderstanding due to the obstacles (障碍) in communication.”
The dream is becoming bigger-after more than two years’ development, Leku and his partner Mise Achang
are ready to launch an updated version of their app in May. The 2.0 version of Yayou will have several new
functions, providing news and entertainment content, as well as online shopping services, in both the Yi and
Chinese languages. What’s more exciting, some users will be able to test the new voice assistant function and
interact with their smartphone in the Yi language, before its final release.
With the app, users could listen to more songs, watch videos and read news presented on the app in the Yi
language. The app, apart from bringing greater convenience, can also serve as an important cultural tool. It can be
used as a database to collect oral and written records of Yi culture and help keep it.
16. What makes it hard for Leku’s Mother to ring him up?
A. New technology. B. Language difficulty. C. Her old age. D. The complex
number.
17. What does the underlined word “plight” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Understanding. B. Impression. C. Trouble. D. Request.
18. What is the best title for the passage?
A. App Helps Ring in a Better Life B. Mother’s Request Is Satisfied
C. A Practical App for Cellphone D. A Clever Son and His Mother
6
Supermarket shelves are filled with plant-based alternatives to cow milk, including soy, nut, and coconut
milk. These products are popular with consumers who cannot drink cows' milk for health reasons, as well as with
those concerned about animal welfare and environmental sustainability（持续性）. While the dairy-free（非乳
制的）options work well with cereal or in coffee, they fail miserably when it comes to making milk-based
products like cheese or yogurt. However, these shortcomings may soon be a thing of the past, thanks to a new
company in California, which has figured out how to create animal-free milk in a laboratory！
Perumal Gandhi and Ryan Pandya founded the company in 2014 after becoming increasingly annoyed with
the lack of cows' milk-free alternatives, particularly for cheese. For Gandhi, who stopped consuming animal
products five years earlier due to environmental and animal welfare concerns, the motivation to create a better
alternative stemmed from his love of cheesy pizza. Pandya was spurred into taking action after being forced to eat
some "really bad" dairy-free cream cheese on his sandwich.The two MIT biomedical engineering（生物医学工程）scientists decided to join forces to create a more
realistic alternative to dairy-based products. In their university lab, they spent nine months first separating cow
DNA then inserting it into yeast（酵母）. This genetic modification（基因修饰）enabled the yeast to produce
the necessary milk proteins. The final step of the process involved mixing the proteins with some plant nutrients
and fats.
The dairy-free milk not only tastes like the real thing but is also healthier, has a longer shelf life and, the most
important of all, is Earth-friendly. According to the company's website, when compared to conventional milk
production, their process uses 65% less energy, creates 84% less greenhouse gas emissions and requires 91% less
land and an amazing 98% less water. Best of all, since it contains real milk proteins, the product behaves like the
cow-produced version, which means vegetarian consumers will no longer have to deal with soggy cheese on their
sandwiches and pizzas.
The company plans to bring their creation to market later this year and their first product will most likely be
cheese since there are already numerous good cows' milk alternatives available to consumers.
19. The underlined word "those" in paragraph 1 refers to .
A. alternatives B. products C. people D. reasons
20. Why were the company's founders motivated to make the new product?
A. They were concerned about the environment.
B. The dairy-free cheese available tasted bad.
C. The dairy-based products were over-consumed.
D. Farm animals were poorly treated.
21. What can we learn from this passage?
A. The dairy-free products can only be stored for a short time.
B. The new products will taste better than dairy-based ones.
C. The company may bring animal-free cheese to market this year.
D. The dairy-free milk will be more expensive than cow's milk.
22. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Healthier Cheese B. New Milk Saves Planet
C. Fresher Milk, Better Future D. Making Milk without Cows
7
Nasr Majid started hunting this fall at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) on the Eastern Shore of
Maryland in USA. He’s one of the relatively few new hunters who officials hope will help stop a nearly four-
decade decline nationally in what has become a hobby for fewer than 5 percent of Americans.Natural resources and wildlife officials in Maryland are encouraging hunting of deer, turkeys and some other
wild animals, which is believed to be good for the environment. Without hunting, they say, sika deer will
overpopulate the wildlife refuge and they’ll overeat the bushes and other plants that provide important habitat for
birds. On the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, hunting is also important to prevent the spread of diseases
such as Lyme.
In many families, the hunting tradition has been handed down for generations. But as longtime sportsmen age
and children lose interest, the number of hunters in the United States fell by 2 million, from 2011 to 2018, to about
11 million.
“Everything is changing. Kids are growing up in front of video games and computers instead of going
hunting.” said Chris Markin, a hunting specialist for the state natural resources department. “Adults usually focus
on working and providing for their families. Those pressures are preventing many other potential hunters from
going out, and from raising the next generation of hunters.”
To avoid such a decline, a new approach is needed. Government agencies and nonprofit groups are now
launching mentoring (指导) programs to train more hunters, which not only helps preserve an industry and a
culture but also means more protection for wildlife and their habitats through deer population control and
investment.
Luckily, there are those still eager to learn, like Majid. He was just looking for an outdoor hobby he could
share with his children when he came across the mentorship program. Now, he feels capable of hunting on his
own, but also has someone he can text with questions that pop up. His new pastime has already paid off for him
—on his second hunt with his mentor, in the last minutes of daylight, he bagged his first deer.
23. In this passage,Nasr Majid is considered as a symbol of________.
A. devotion B. bravery C. enthusiasm D. hope
24. What can be inferred from Chris Markin’s words?
A. No one is interested in hunting any more.
B. The hunting tradition is facing challenges.
C. Parents fail to spend enough time with kids.
D. Hunting adds to many adults life pressures.
25. What does the underlined words“new pastime”refer to?
A. Raising questions. B. Looking for hunters.
C. Learning to hunt. D. Sharing a new hobby.
26. What is the best title for the text?
A. Teach hunters new skills B. Make Hunting More PopularC. Reduce the pressure of life D. Train more skilled hunters
8
This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for
autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars
perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area
between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it
never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the
driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully
driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.
“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be
watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless
cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated
without operation.
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at
Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided
driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless
cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.
27. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A place where cars often break down.
B. A case where passing a law is impossible.
C. An area where no driving is permitted.
D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.
28. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.
A. stop people from breaking traffic rulesB. help promote fully automatic driving
C. protect drivers of all ages and races
D. prevent serious property damage
29. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.
B. It should be the main concern of law makers.
C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It should involve no human responsibility.
30. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________.
A. Singapore
B. the UK
C. the US
D. Germany
31. What could be the best title for passage?
A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?
B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough
C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed
D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
9
People sometimes say, "It's raining cats and dogs!” when there is a heavy rain. Nobody has ever really seen
cats and dogs falling from the sky, but there have been many reports of other strange things “raining” down. In
1956, the people of a town in the USA saw a small black cloud in the sky. It started to rain from the cloud
normally, but only in a small area. The cloud then turned white, and fish started to fall to the ground. Most of them
were still alive.
During a storm in July 1901, in Minneapolis, people heard something falling from the sky that did not sound
like rain. When they went outside, they found all types of frogs covering four streets.
There are other reports of strange “rains” failing from the sky including worms, insects and snakes.
Can these strange “rains” be explained by science? Scientists usually say that a tornado （龙卷风）has
picked up the animals from a river or ocean, carried them for miles, and then dropped them somewhere else. But
this does not completely explain all of them. On May 15, 1890, in Italy, there was a rain of blood-birds' blood.
Scientists said that flying birds must have been torn（撕碎）to pieces by strong winds. But if so, why did only
their blood fall from the sky, and not other parts of their bodies? And anyway, there were no strong winds thatday!
32. What does it mean when people say, “It's raining cats and dogs”?
A. Cats and dogs are falling from the sky. B. It's raining heavily.
C. Animals started to fall to the ground. D. There is a black cloud.
33. Which of the following has not been reported as strange things failing from the sky?
A. Cats and dogs. B. Worms and insects.
C. Fish and blood. D. Snakes and frogs.
34. According to scientists, what can move things from the ground to the sky?
A. Storms. B. Rains. C. Clouds. D. Tornadoes.
35. Scientists’ explanation for rain of blood is that________.
A. the tornado picked up the birds' blood.
B. there were no strong winds that day.
C. flying birds were tom into pieces by strong winds.
D. other parts of birds’ bodies did not fall with the blood.
36. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. Strange “Winds”. B. Strange “Clouds”.
C. Strange “Rains”. D. Strange “Animals”.
10
Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and
our experiences? Strangely enough, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is
given to us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low
intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than
one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth, but
whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can
be supported in a number of ways.
It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood
relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated
people at random (随机地) from the population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely
different. If on the other hand we take two identical (完全相同的) twins they will very likely be as intelligent as
each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this
clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.
Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, forexample, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in
intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also
suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely
to have similar degrees of intelligence.
37. Which of these sentences best describes the writer's point in Para. 1?
A. To some extent, intelligence is given at birth.
B. Intelligence is developed by the environment.
C. Some people are born clever and others born stupid.
D. Intelligence is fixed at birth, but is developed by the environment.
38. It is suggested in this passage that _________.
A. unrelated people are not likely to have different intelligence
B. close relations usually have similar intelligence
C. the closer the blood relationship between people, the more different they are likely to be in intelligence
D. people who live in close contact with each other are not likely to have similar degrees of intelligence
39. In Para. 1, the word "surroundings" means ________.
A. intelligence B. life
C. environments D. housing
40. The best title for this article would be________.
A. On Intelligence
B. What Intelligence Means
C. We are Born with Intelligence
D. Environment Plays a Part in Developing Intelligence
11
On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York
friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was
approaching their table.
“Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi?” the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the
stranger. “I’m from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also
pulled up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,” Welty said, “I didn’t know what my New York friends
were thinking.”Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was
pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her
hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a
Mississippi state reunion.
“My friend said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the
people that make me write them.’”
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this
explanation.
“I don’t make them up.” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don’t have to.”
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons
spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations
overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a
train, she hears only fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
41. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?
A. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
B. Two strangers joined her.
C. Her childhood friends came in.
D. Some people held a party there.
42. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s ________.
A. readers B. friends
C. stories D. parties
43. What can we learn about the characters in Welty’s fiction?
A. They are mostly women.
B. They live in big cities.
C. They are pleasure seekers.
D. They come from real life.
12
The word “adulting” started as a kind of joke—whenever a millennial (千禧一代) would do something as an
adult does, this was an act of “adulting”. However, now, millennials clearly need training in being an adult.
Rachel Flehinger has founded an Adulting School, which includes online classes on simple sewing (缝纫),
problems solving and cooking. The cause for such classes is that many millennials haven’t left childhood homes—
in America 34 percent of adults aged 18 to 34 still lived with their parents in 2015, up from 26 percent 10 yearsbefore. There’s a good deal of truth to this. If you’re living at home, with Mom and Dad doing their best to spoil
(溺爱) you, you’re less likely to know how to wash clothes, cook or make the bed. Dependency leads to
enervation. Over time, you are unable to adult.
But living at home doesn’t necessarily bring dependency. Back in 1940, 30 percent of 25-to-29-year-olds
lived at home with parents or grandparents. But they were adulting. Parents expected their kids to do housework,
and to prepare for life. Then, what’s the real problem now?
Instead of blaming (责备) living at home, we have to blame our style of parenting. The truth is that we’ve
simply become lazier as parents. We’re more likely to let our kids lie on a sofa than tell them to get a job. We
don’t push our kids to build families of their own, because life cost has increased. Then the question is how we
can encourage young people to “adult” in such a situation.
44. What is the purpose of showing the data (数据) in paragraph 2?
A. To show that millennials liked to live with their parents.
B. To show that the Adulting School became popular in 2015.
C. To show that more adults still depended on their parents.
D. To show that the online courses were necessary to learn.
45. Which of the following can best explain “enervation”?
A. Emergency B. Argument C. Tension D. Weakness
46. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the last two paragraphs?
A. Living at home certainly leads to dependency.
B. Parents are too lazy to do housework.
C. We often tell kids to get a job.
D. Kids are not pushed to start their own families.
47. What does this passage mainly talk about?
A. What the life of the millennials is like.
B. Why millennials need adulting training.
C. How parents encourage millennials to “adult”.
D. How parents educated kids in the past.
13
Tourism can be both good and bad. Yes, it brings in money for the local economy and creates lots of jobs for
locals, but it may also bring some problems.
One growing problem is tourists who want to prove that they have visited someplace. Tourists have used
paint, rocks, or even keys to write on the Luxor Temple in Egypt, the Colosseum in Rome, Stonehenge in the UK,memorial stones at the bottom of Qomolangma, and many, many other places. Thousands of tourists sites are
being destroyed by tourists who “love them to death”. I have three words for people like this: please stop it. If you
want to leave a mark on the world, do it by changing someone’s life with kindness and love. Pass kindness along
to future generations, not destruction.
Another big problem in some places has been tourists disturbing the local people and life. Some tourists
wander around and take pictures of local people without asking for their permission. For example, Chiang Mai
University in Thailand and Yonsei University in South Korea have great numbers of tourists visiting their
campuses and walking through their libraries and other public areas, taking pictures of students and disturbing
their studies. I have three words for tourists like this: please be considerate. I have three words for people like this:
please stop it.
The number of problems from tourists is endless: walking in large groups without considering others who
need to walk by, crossing roads without observing local traffic laws, and many more. The only way to solve the
issue of the terrible tourist is to make sure that you are not one! Be the best, kindest, most polite tourist possible.
Remember, whenever you step outside your country’s borders, you are representing your country to the rest of the
world.
48. What does the writer say is the only way to solve the problem of the terrible tourist?
A. Make sure that you are not one of those terrible tourist B. Be the best and kindest tourist possible
C. Be the most polite tourist possible D. All of the above
49. What does the author mean by the underlined word “destruction” in Paragraph 2?
A. Impressing somebody. B. Destroying something.
C. Annoying somebody. D. Reviving someplace
50. Which of the following is true?
A. As tourists, we can do what we like to do.
B. It is easy to solve the problems tourism brings.
C. Being taken photos makes local people happy.
D. Tourists have used paint, rocks or even keys to write on some attractions.
51. What’s the best title of the passage?
A. The number of problems from tourists is endless B. Tourism brings some problems
C. Be a good tourist D. Stop destroying
14
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting sick, a new American
study suggests.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a
generally sunny character were less likely to fail ill.
The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional
style” can help ward off the common cold and other illness.
“People with a positive emotional style may have different immune（免疫的）responses to the virus,”
explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do
get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.”
Cohen and his colleagues has found in a previous study that happier people seemed less likely to catch a
cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional quality itself had the effect.
For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality
qualities, physicals health and “emotional style”.
Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy–going were judged as having a positive emotional style,
while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile（敌意的）had a negative style.
Afterwards, the researchers gave them nose drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus that
causes flu-like symptoms. Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing they had.
Cohen and his colleagues found that happy people were less likely to develop a cold.
What`s more, when happy folks did develop a cold, their symptoms were less severe than expected based on
objective measures.
In contrast, people with negative characters were not at increased risk of developing a cold based on
objective measures, though they did tend to get down about their symptoms.
“We find that it`s really positive emotions that have the big effect,” Cohen said, “not the negative ones.”
So can a bad-tempered person fight a cold by deciding to be happy?
52. What does the underlined phrase "ward off" in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Get close to. B. Keep away from.
C. Get used to. D. Go on with.
53. What was the purpose of Cohen's new study?
A. To find effective ways to fight illnesses.
B. To test people's different immune responses to cold virus.
C. To tell differences between happy people and unhappy people.
D. To examine whether health was related to emotional styles,
54. How did Cohen reach his conclusion?
A. By comparing different experimental results.B. By asking the volunteers to complete n form.
C. By collecting data among people with n cold.
D. By observing the volunteers' symptoms.
55. What can we conclude from the text?
A. Success is the twin of positive spirits.
B. We get more by being more positive.
C. The happier we are, the fewer colds we will suffer.
D. Physical health is more important than mental health.
15
When I was 8 years old, I decided to run away from home after a quarrel with my mother. With my suitcase
packed and some sandwiches in a bag, I started for the front door.
My mom asked where I was going. “I’m leaving home,” I said.
“What’s that you’re carrying?” she asked.
“Some clothes and food,” I replied.
“If you want to run away, that’s all right,” she said. “But you came into this home without anything and you
can leave the same way.”
I threw my suitcase and sandwiches on the floor and started for the door again.
“Wait a minute,” Mom said. “You didn’t have any clothes on when you arrived, and I want them back.”
This infuriated me. I tore my clothes off — shoes, socks, underwear and all — and shouted, “Can I go
now?”
“Yes,” my mom answered, “but once you close that door, don’t expect to come back.”
I was so angry that I shut the door forcefully and stepped out of my home. Then I noticed down the street two
neighbor girls walking toward our house. I was so shy that I saw the big spruce (云杉) tree in our yard and
jumped under the low-hanging branches (树枝). A pile of dried-up brown needles (针状物) were beneath the tree,
and you can’t imagine the pain those sharp needles caused to my body.
After I was sure the girls had passed by, I ran to the front door and knocked at it loudly.
“It’s Billy! Let me in!”
The voice behind the door answered, “Billy doesn’t live here anymore. He ran away from home.”
Looking behind me to see if anyone else was coming down the street, I said, “Mom! I’m sorry. I’m still your
son. Let me in!”
The door opened and Mom’s smiling face appeared. “Did you change your mind about running away?” she
asked.
“What’s for supper?” I smiled back.56. When the author was leaving home, his mother ordered him to _____.
A. stay at home B. take some sandwiches
C. leave everything behind D. check his suitcase carefully
57. The underlined word “infuriated” probably means “_____”.
A. surprised B. warned
C. encouraged D. angered
58. Why did the author jump under the low-hanging branches?
A. To avoid being seen. B. To find some needles.
C. To play a joke on the two girls. D. To attract the two girls’ attention.
59. The last sentence “What’s for supper?” mainly shows that the author _____.
A. changed his plan to leave home
B. felt very hungry at that time
C. wished to eat something before leaving
D. wanted to know what his mother prepared for supper
参考答案
1
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了椰子油对健康的好处，食用它的注意事项以及如何用椰子油
制作润唇膏。
1. 词义猜测题。画线短语所在句为that引导的定语从句，根据that前内容“Coconut oil’s fatty acids also
protect our stomachs from parasites (寄生虫) and harmful bacteria…”（椰子油的脂肪酸还能保护我们的胃免
受寄生虫和有害细菌的侵害……）可知，句子介绍的是椰子油对胃的好处，能够保护我们的胃免受寄生
虫和有害细菌的侵害，that代指的是句中的parasites and harmful bacteria，由此可推断出，寄生虫和有害
细菌是会损害我们的消化系统，damage意为“损害”，符合句意。故选B项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段关键句“Despite such remarkable benefits, it’s important to remember that
coconut oil is high in fat, so consume it in moderation. The daily allowance recommended by some doctors is two
tablespoons of coconut oil.”（尽管有如此显著的好处，但要记住椰子油的脂肪含量很高，所以要适量食用。
一些医生建议的每日限量是两汤匙椰子油。）可知，因为椰子油的脂肪含量很高，所以不能多吃，医生
建议每日最多食用两汤匙椰子油。由此可知，文章警告在饮食中限制椰子油的含量。故选D项。
3. 细节理解题。根据Steps are as follows部分的第一个步骤“Combine all of the ingredients in the beaker.
Add water to the pan and put the beaker inside over low heat.”（在烧杯中混合所有原料。往锅里加水，把烧杯放在里面，用小火加热。）可知，制作润唇膏的第一步是把用到的所有原料都放在烧杯里面，包括
essential oil（精油）。由此可知，如果你想在唇膏中使用精油，当把其他原料加入烧杯时，同时把精油添
加到烧杯里面。故选C项。
4. 主旨大意题。分析文章内容可知，文章主要介绍了椰子油对健康的好处，它对消化系统和皮肤都是有
益的，同时告诉我们食用椰子油的注意事项，不能过多食用，因为脂肪含量很高，最后告诉我们如何用
椰子油制作润唇膏。由此可知，文章主要介绍的是椰子油的好处及如何正确的食用和使用它。D项“The
benefits of coconut oil and how to use it wisely.”意为“椰子油的好处和如何明智地使用它。”能够概括文章
主旨。故选D项。
2
5. C 6. D 7. A 8. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。在国际货币基金组织的一篇新博客文章中，四名研究人员展示了他们在一篇
工作论文中的发现，该论文探讨了金融与科技之间当前的关系及其潜在的未来。研究人员提出通过网络
历史决定信用评级的方法，介绍了施行这一方法的原因和优点，以及可能存在的问题。
5. 细节理解题。根据第二段“the researchers see the possibility of using the data from your browsing, search,
and purchase history to create a more accurate mechanism for determining the credit rating of an individual or
business. They believe that this approach could result in greater lending to borrowers who would potentially be
denied by traditional financial institutions.(研究人员看到了利用你的浏览、搜索和购买历史数据来创建一个
更准确的机制来确定个人或企业的信用评级的可能性。他们认为，这种做法可能导致向借款人发放更多
贷款，而传统金融机构可能拒绝向借款人发放贷款)”可知，研究人员提出的方法是通过网络历史决定信用
评级。故选C。
6. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The researchers identify two key areas in which this is true: Tech companies
have greater access to soft-information, and messaging platforms can take the place of the physical locations that
banks rely on for meeting with customers.(研究人员发现，在两个关键领域这一观点是正确的：科技公司拥
有更多获取软信息的渠道，即时通讯平台可以取代银行与客户会面所依赖的实体地点)”以及第四段中
“The concept of using your web history to inform credit ratings is framed around the notion that lenders rely on
hard-data that might hide the worthiness of a borrower or paint an unnecessarily bad picture during hard times.
(利用你的网络历史记录来提供信用评级的概念，是围绕着这样一个概念：贷方依赖可能隐藏借款人价值
或在困难时期描绘出不必要的糟糕图景的硬数据)”可知，他们提倡用新的方法来评定借款人的信用，是因
为软数据比硬数据更能反映事实。故选D。
7. 词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段“"Banks tend to cushion credit terms for their long-term customers during
downturns," the paper's authors write. This is because they have a history and relationship with the customer.(论文作者写道:“在经济低迷时期，银行倾向于为长期客户缓冲信贷条款。”这是因为他们有与客户的历史和
关系)”以及画线词上文“Citing soft-data points like "the type of browser and hardware used to access the
internet, the history of online searches and purchases" that could be included in evaluating a borrower, the
researchers believe that when a lender has a closer relationship with the potential client's history, they might be
more willing to”(引用软数据点像“浏览器和硬件的类型用于访问互联网,在线搜索和购买”的历史,可以包
括在评估借款人,研究人员认为,当一个银行有一个更紧密的与潜在客户的关系的历史,他们可能更愿意不那
么严格)可知，研究人员引用了软数据点，这些数据可以包括在评估贷款人时，研究人员认为，当借款人
与潜在客户的历史关系更密切时，他们可能更愿意不那么严格，更加放松。故画线部分意思为“不那么
严格”。故选A。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers acknowledge that there will be privacy and policy concerns
related to including this kind of soft-data in credit analysis. Getting the soft-data points would probably require
companies like Facebook and Apple to loosen up their standards on linking unencrypted information with
individual accounts. How they might share information with other institutions would be its own can of worms.(研
究人员承认，在信用分析中使用这类软数据会涉及隐私和政策问题。获得软数据点可能需要Facebook和
苹果等公司放宽将未加密信息与个人账户链接的标准。他们如何与其他机构共享信息将是他们自己的问
题)”可推知，研究人员担心共享信息可能导致隐私问题。故选C。
3
9. A 10. D 11. D 12. D
【解析】本文是一篇生态环境类短文阅读。随着城市化建设和工农业发展，使得候鸟栖息地遭到严重破
坏，这将直接导致大量鸟类物种的消失。
9. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的The major danger for migratory birds is development. Buildings and
pavements have covered the places where birds stop and feed和many of these important places have been lost to
land reclamation owing to urban, industrial and agricultural land expansion可知，导致大量鸟类栖息地消失的
主要原因是发展，具体表现在城镇、工业和农业用地的扩张。故选A。
10. 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段because of urban, industrial and agricultural land expansion及前后内容可
知，由于城市、工业和农业用地的扩张，可以猜测出land reclamation意为“土地开垦”，所以Making
land suitable for farming or building.的表述符合该词义。故选D。
11. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的The problem, according to scientists, is that many of these small birds die
along their migration paths because they don’t have a safe place to feed and rest. There is no place to restore their
energy for the next part of their journey可知，迁徙中死去的鸟主要是因为在迁徙途中没有可供休息和进食
的安全地点。故选D。12. 推理判断题。文章最后三段是说，各国需要合作，为路过的鸟类提供安全的栖息地。各国可以做一些
工作，把该国的城镇区域变成鸟类安全的栖息地。结合最后所列举的两项举措我们可推知，要保护好迁
徙的鸟类，我们就要保护好地方生态环境。故选D。
4
13. C 14. D 15. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了松下的新设备CaloRieco，它能提供分析食物的准确数据，
可能在节食者和糖尿病患者中很受欢迎，预计将在未来几年内投放市场。
13. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Panasonic said that its outstanding invention is aimed at dieters and
diabetes sufferers, both of which make up a sizable market.（松下公司说，它的杰出发明是针对节食者和糖尿
病患者的，两者都构成了一个相当大的市场。）”可知CaloRieco可能在节食者和糖尿病患者中很受欢迎。
故选C项。
14. 词义猜测题。根据文章第五段“CaloRieco can also connect to your smartphone via an app, and send all
the data about analyzed foods to your handheld, so you can access it whenever you need.（Calorico还可以通过
一个应用程序连接到你的智能手机，并将所有有关分析食品的数据发送到你的手持设备，这样你就可以
随时访问它。）”可推知，it指的是有关食品分析的数据。故选D项。
15. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Panasonic said that its outstanding invention is aimed at dieters and
diabetes sufferers, both of which make up a sizable market.（松下说，它的杰出发明是针对节食者和糖尿病患
者的，这两种人群都构成了一个相当大的市场。）”可推知，CaloRieco是有发展前景的。故选B项。
5
16. B 17. C 18. A
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一个彝族年轻人为了解决不懂汉语的妈妈打电话的问题，开
发了一个应用程序，不仅帮助了他的妈妈，也帮助了很多其他彝族人。
16. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Leku Wuniure’s 63-year-old mother communicates in the Yi language,
because she can’t read Chinese or speak Mandarin and is even unable to read numbers. As a result, a very simple,
taken-for-granted feature of any modern phone like finding someone, can prove to be difficult.(Leku Wuniure63
岁的妈妈用彝族语交流，因为她不懂汉语，不会说普通话甚至不认识数字。因此，任何现代手机的一个
非常简单、被认为是理所当然的功能，比如找人，可能会被证明是困难的)”可知，是语言障碍使Leku的
妈妈给他打电话很困难。故选B项。
17. 词义猜测题。第一段提到Leku妈妈因为不认识汉语打电话很困难，结合划线词后的“I’ve also
witnessed some villagers, who left to make a living as workers in cities, suffering financial losses or
misunderstanding due to the obstacles (障碍) in communication.(我也看到一些离开家乡到城市打工的村民，
因为沟通上的障碍而遭受经济损失或误解)”可知，“Besides my mother’s plight”意为“除了我妈妈遇到的麻烦”。由此可知，划线词“plight”意为“麻烦”。故选C项。
18. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了一个彝族年轻人为了解决不懂汉语的妈妈打电话的问题，
开发了一个应用程序，不仅帮助了他的妈妈，也帮助了很多其他彝族人，所以A项“应用程序帮助让生
活更美好”适合作为文章标题。故选A项。
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19. C 20. B 21. C 22. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一家新公司生产的经济环保又能解决人们需求的非乳制牛奶替
代品。
19. 词义猜测题。根据划线词前半句“These products are popular with consumers who cannot drink cows'
milk for health reasons,(这些产品受到了那些因健康原因不能喝牛奶的消费者的欢迎，)”可知，还有那些关
心动物福利和环境可持续性的人的欢迎。句中those指的是那些人，故选C。
20. 细节推理题。根据文章第二段“after becoming increasingly annoyed with the lack of cows’ milk-free
alternatives, particularly for cheese.(由于缺乏不含牛奶的替代品(尤其是奶酪)，)”和“Pandya was spurred into
taking action after being forced to eat some “really bad” dairy-free cream cheese on his sandwich.( Pandya在被
迫在三明治上吃了一些“非常糟糕的”无奶奶油芝士后，才采取了行动。)”可知，公司创始人生产新产品
是因为当前市场没有牛奶的替代品，现有的无奶奶油芝士味道不好。故选B。
21. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The company plans to bring their creation to market later this year and
their first product will most likely be cheese since there are already numerous good cows' milk alternatives
available to consumers. (该公司计划在今年晚些时候将他们的发明推向市场，他们的第一款产品很可能是
奶酪，因为已经有很多好的牛奶可供消费者选择。)”可知，该公司今年可能会将无动物奶酪推向市场。故
选C。
22. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章介绍了一家新公司生产的经济环保又能解决人们需求的非乳制
牛奶替代品，即不需要奶牛的牛奶替代品。Making Milk without Cows适合作为文章标题。故选D。
7
23. D 24. B 25. C 26. B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了在美国传统的狩猎活动受到了挑战的原因和政府采取的措
施。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“He’s one of the relatively few new hunters who officials hope will help
stop a nearly four-decade decline nationally in what has become a hobby for fewer than 5 percent of Americans.”
可知，Nasr Majid是为数不多的新猎人之一，官员们希望他能帮助阻止全国范围内狩猎活动的减少，由此
推出，他们对Nasr Majid寄予厚望，所以是希望的象征。故选D项。
24. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Everything is changing. Kids are growing up in front of video games andcomputers instead of going hunting.” said Chris Markin, a hunting specialist for the state natural resources
department. “Adults usually focus on working and providing for their families. Those pressures are preventing
many other potential hunters from going out, and from raising the next generation of hunters.”可知，一切都在改
变，孩子们在游戏和电脑前长大不再去打猎，成年人专注于他们的工作养家糊口，这些压力阻碍了许多
其他潜在猎人的外出，也阻碍了下一代猎人的成长，所以从Chris Markin的话语中推出狩猎传统正在面临
挑战。故选B项。
25. 词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“His new pastime has already paid off for him—on his second hunt with
his mentor, in the last minutes of daylight, he bagged his first deer.”可知，在和导师一起狩猎中，收获了第一
只鹿，所以他学习狩猎为他带来回报，所以此处new pastime应该是学习狩猎。故选C项。
26. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“He’s one of the relatively few new hunters who officials hope will help
stop a nearly four-decade decline nationally in what has become a hobby for fewer than 5 percent of Americans.”
和倒数第二段“To avoid such a decline, a new approach is needed. Government agencies and nonprofit groups
are now launching mentoring (指导) programs to train more hunters”可知，官员们希望他能帮助阻止狩猎活动
下降，而政府机构和非盈利机构组织推出项目培训更多的猎人，其目的是让狩猎变得越来越流行，所以B
项“让狩猎变得越来越流行”更适合题目。故选B项。
8
27. D 28. B 29. D 30. C 31. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了德国交通部长对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出了
位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。
27. 猜测词义题。根据第二段内容The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of
autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the
driverless future.注意冒号的作用，就是对死亡谷的解释说明：death valley指的是制约着无人驾驶汽车未来
的半自动化和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带即司机的角色不明朗的状况。A，B和C项内容文中根本
就没有提到，故选D。
28. 推理判断题。根据第二段的句子The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of
autonomous vehicles:和第四段内容The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says
Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.可以判断出这个提
议被提出是为了推动完全自动化的驾驶。故选B。
29. 细节理解题。根据第七段内容But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless
cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” 可知
消费者认为对于无人驾驶车辆的运行不应该牵涉到人的责任。故选D。30. 细节理解题。根据最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government
would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可
知接管无人驾驶汽车并将其视为公共产品的想法在美国绝对行不通，即公共交通工具中无人驾驶车在美
国看不到未来。故选C。
31. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了德国交通部长的提议是为了促进无人驾驶车运行，界定
了汽车制造方负责，由此在第五段引出全文的主题句:Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is
not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. 下面就此展开陈述。所以“自动化驾驶：谁的责任”可
以概括全文，充当本文题目，故选A。
9
32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些奇怪的“雨”，有的地方下雨降下的是鱼，有的是青蛙，有
的是昆虫，甚至有的是血。
32. 词句猜测题。由第一段中的“People sometimes say, "It's raining cats and dogs!” when there is a heavy
rain.”（当下大雨的时候，人们有时会说，“It's raining cats and dogs!”）可知是下大雨的时候，人们说It's
raining cats and dogs! 可知It's raining cats and dogs!在此处意为“雨下得很大/下着倾盆大雨”。故选B项。
33. 细节理解题。由第一段中的“Nobody has ever really seen cats and dogs falling from the sky, but there
have been many reports of other strange things “raining” down.”（没有人真的见过猫和狗从天上掉下来，但有
很多报道说其他奇怪的东西“降雨”下来了。）可知没人看见天上落下猫和狗，没有这样的报道。故选
A项。
34. 细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Scientists usually say that a tornado （龙卷风）has picked up the animals
from a river or ocean, carried them for miles, and then dropped them somewhere else.”（科学家们通常说龙卷风
把动物从河流或海洋中卷走，带到数英里外，然后扔到别的地方。）可知科学家的说法是龙卷风把东西
从地面移到天上，然后落下来。故选D项。
35. 细节理解题。由最后一段中的“On May 15, 1890, in Italy, there was a rain of blood-birds' blood. Scientists
said that flying birds must have been torn（撕碎）to pieces by strong winds.”（1890年5月15日，意大利下
了一场血雨——鸟的血。科学家们说飞翔的鸟一定是被强风撕成了碎片。）可知科学家对血雨的解释是
飞鸟被大风撕成碎片了。故选C项。
36. 主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Nobody has ever really seen cats and dogs falling from the sky, but there
have been many reports of other strange things “raining” down.”（没有人真的见过猫和狗从天上掉下来，但有
很多报道说其他奇怪的东西“降雨”下来了。）第二段“During a storm in July 1901, in Minneapolis,
people heard something falling from the sky that did not sound like rain. When they went outside, they found alltypes of frogs covering four streets.”（1901年7月，在明尼阿波利斯的一场风暴中，人们听到了一些声音不
像下雨的东西从天上落下。当他们出去时，他们发现四条街道上到处都是青蛙。）第三段“There are
other reports of strange “rains” failing from the sky including worms, insects and snakes.”（还有其他报道说，
天空中会有奇怪的“雨”，包括虫子、昆虫和蛇。）最后一段中的“On May 15, 1890, in Italy, there was a
rain of blood-birds' blood.”（1890年5月15日，意大利下了一场血雨——鸟的血。）可知本文讲述了有的
地方下雨降下的是鱼，有的是青蛙，有的是昆虫，甚至有的是血，降雨降下的是奇怪的东西，C项“奇怪
的“雨””符合文意，最适合作文章标题。故选C项。
10
37. D 38. B 39. C 40. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了尽管一个人的智慧的限制是固定在出生时，关系越近的人，智力
就越相似. 但是他是否达到这些限制将取决于他的环境，彼此密切联系但根本没有关系的人可能具有相似
的智力。
37. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中While the limits of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth，whether or
not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. 可知，作者认为尽管一个人的智慧的限制是固定
在出生时，他是否达到这些限制将取决于他的环境。故选D。
38. 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have
similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.可知，兄弟姐妹，父母和孩子的
关系，通常具有相似的智力，这清楚地表明智力依赖于出生。故关系越近的人，智力就越相似。故选B。
39. 词义猜测题。根据上文On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his
intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied可知另一方面，在烦闷环境中成长的孩子智力发展得不
如在丰富多彩的环境中成长的孩子好。故surroundings意思为“环境”，故选C项。
40. 主旨大意题。阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了尽管一个人的智慧的限制是固定在出生
时，他是否达到这些限制将取决于他的环境。故选A。
11
41. B 42. C 43. D
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事。Welty是一位年纪比
较大的作家，她来自密西西比，Welty的作品都是来自于现实的生活。
41. 细节理解题。根据第一段中They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another
customer was approaching their table.（他们在一家舒适的East Side咖啡馆坐了下来，几分钟后，另一位顾
客走近了他们的桌子）和第三段Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner
partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.（这个女人毫不犹豫地参加了这个聚会。当她的晚餐伙伴出现
时，她也拉过一把椅子）可知，当Welty和朋友在咖啡馆时，先后有两个陌生人（一位女士及其同伴）加入了 Welty 的聚会，故选B。
42. 词义猜测题。结合上文"My friend said: 'Now we believe your stories,'" Welty added. "And I said: 'Now you
know. These are the people that make me write可知，画线的 them 指代前面提到的人或物，根据“Now we
believe your stories.”可知，Welty 的朋友说他们相信Welty的故事了。Welty说是这些人让她写这些故事的。
即them 指代的是 Welty 写的小说里面的故事，故选C。
43. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段"I don't make them up." she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50
or so years. "I don't have to."（“我不是虚构的，”她说的是她小说中近50年来的人物。“我不需
要。”）可知，Welty 小说里的人物并不是虚构的，他们都来源于现实生活，故选D。
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44. C 45. D 46. D 47. B
【解析】本文是说明文，千禧一代的孩子接受着父母的宠爱，他们很多人不能独立生活，事实上，是父
母的养育方式导致孩子不能独立。孩子需要的是成为成年的培训。
44. 推理判断题。根据第二段“he cause for such classes is that many millennials haven’t left childhood homes
—in America 34 percent of adults aged 18 to 34 still lived with their parents in 2015, up from 26 percent 10 years
before.” 他开设此类课程的原因是，许多千禧一代没有离开童年时的家——在美国，2015年有34%的18
岁至34岁的成年人仍与父母住在一起，而10年前这一比例为26%。根据此处的数据显示，开设课程的原
因是千禧一代的人没有离开童年的家，而且这个数据相对于以前有所增长，所以数据显示了更多了成年
人仍然依赖于父母。故选C项。
45. 词义猜测题。根据第二段“Dependency leads to enervation. Over time, you are unable to adult.” 依赖会
导致enervation。久而久之，你就无法成年。根据后一句的解释，可以推测是依赖导致了软弱，所以不能
成年，所以换线词为“软弱”。故选D项。
46. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“We don’t push our kids to build families of their own, because life cost has
increased.” 我们不强迫我们的孩子建立他们自己的家庭，因为生活成本增加了。可知孩子不被催促去成
家，故选D项。
47. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, now, millennials clearly need training in being an adult.”然而，现在，
千禧一代显然需要接受成人培训。第一段引出了本文的主旨，最后一段“Instead of blaming (责备) living
at home, we have to blame our style of parenting.” 与其责备住在家里，我们还不如责备我们的养育方式。最
后一段说明了导致千禧一代不能够成人的原因，所以整篇文章的主旨是千禧一代需要接受成人培训的原
因。故选B项。
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48. D 49. B 50. D 51. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了旅游业可以为当地经济带来了收入，为当地人创造了很多就业机会，但它也可能带来一些问题。指出如今游客蓄意破坏文物的行为日益严重，此外，游客还打扰了
当地人和生活，带来的问题数不胜数。就此作者认为人人应该成为一个文明的好游客，因为一个人走出
国门，就是在向世界展示自己的国家。
48. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The only way to solve the issue of the terrible tourist is to make sure that
you are not one! Be the best, kindest, most polite tourist possible.(解决糟糕游客问题的唯一方法是确保你不是
其中之一!尽可能做最好、最善良、最有礼貌的游客)”可知，作者认为解决糟糕游客问题的唯一方法是确
保你不是那些糟糕的游客中的一员、尽可能成为最好、最善良的游客以及做一个尽可能有礼貌的游客。
故选D。
49. 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Tourists have used paint, rocks, or even keys to write on the Luxor Temple
in Egypt, the Colosseum in Rome, Stonehenge in the UK, memorial stones at the bottom of Qomolangma, and
many, many other places. Thousands of tourists sites are being destroyed by tourists who ‘love them to death’.(游
客们在埃及的卢克索神庙、罗马斗兽场、英国的巨石阵、珠穆朗玛峰底部的纪念石，以及很多很多其他
地方用颜料、石头甚至钥匙写字。成千上万的旅游景点正被写下‘爱得要死’的游客破坏)”可推知，划线
句想表达的意思是作者认为人们应该把善良传给后代，而不要把搞破坏传给后代。由此可知，画线词意
思为“破坏东西”。故选B。
50. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Tourists have used paint, rocks, or even keys to write on the Luxor Temple in
Egypt, the Colosseum in Rome, Stonehenge in the UK, memorial stones at the bottom of Qomolangma, and many,
many other places.(游客们在埃及的卢克索神庙、罗马斗兽场、英国的巨石阵、珠穆朗玛峰底部的纪念石，
以及很多很多其他地方用颜料、石头甚至钥匙写字)”可知，D选项“游客们用颜料、石头甚至钥匙在一些
景点上写字”正确。故选D。
51. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Be the best, kindest, most polite tourist possible. Remember, whenever you
step outside your country’s borders, you are representing your country to the rest of the world.(尽可能做最好、
最善良、最有礼貌的游客。请记住，无论何时你走出国门，你就是在向世界展示你的国家)”结合文章主要
说明了旅游业可以为当地经济带来了收入，为当地人创造了很多就业机会，但它也可能带来一些问题。
指出如今游客蓄意破坏文物的行为日益严重，此外，游客还打扰了当地人和生活，带来的问题数不胜数。
就此作者认为人人应该成为一个文明的好游客，因为一个人走出国门，就是在向世界展示自己的国家。
可知，C选项“做一个好游客”最符合文章标题。故选C。
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52. B 53. D 54. A 55. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章提出，在寒冷的季节保持积极的心态可能是你预防生病的最好方法，并
通过实验研究的方式来证明这一观点。52. 词义猜测题。A. Get close to.靠近，接近；B. Keep away from.远离；C. Get used to.习惯于；D. Go on
with.继续。根据文章第一句“Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against
getting sick（在寒冷的季节保持积极的心态可能是你预防生病的最好方法，）”可知，积极的心态可以让
人少生病，划线词所在句子“that a “positive emotional style” can help ward off the common cold and other
illness.( “积极情绪”有助于ward off感冒和其他疾病。”的主语是a positive emotional style，宾语是the
common cold and other illness，可推断，该句中的ward off意为：远离，故选B项。
53. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Cohen 所说的话“We find that it`s really positive emotions that have the
big effect（我们发现积极的情绪有很大的影响）”可推断，他们做这项研究的目的就是为了检查健康是否
与情绪类型有关。故选D项。
54. 推理判断题。根据倒数第五段中“Cohen and his colleagues found that happy people were less likely to
develop a cold.（科恩和他的同事们发现，快乐的人不容易患感冒。）”和倒数第四段“What`s more,
when happy folks did develop a cold, their symptoms were less severe than expected based on objective measures.
（更重要的是，当快乐的人们真的患了感冒时，根据客观测量他们的症状比预期的要轻。）”可知，他
们观察到了快乐的人们对感冒的反应；又根据倒数第三段“In contrast, people with negative characters were
not at increased risk of developing a cold based on objective measures, though they did tend to get down about
their symptoms.（相比之下，根据客观测量，性格消极的人患感冒的风险并不会增加，尽管他们确实倾向
于对自己的症状表达不满。）”可知，他们通过对比的方式发现性格消极的人对感冒的反应。综上所述，
他们是通过对比两种实验结果而得出“积极的情绪对健康有很大的影响”这一结论的，故选A项。
55. 主旨大意题。文章第一段开篇点题“Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense
against getting sick（在寒冷的季节保持积极的心态可能是你预防生病的最好方法）”，后面整篇文章通过
介绍科学研究的过程及结论来证明第一段提出的论点，因此我们可以从文章中得出“我们越快乐就越少
受感冒的折磨”这一结论。故选C项。
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56. C 57. D 58. A 59. A
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。作者八岁时和妈妈吵架，准备离家出走，妈妈让他不带任何东西，甚至不准
他穿家里的衣服，作者刚出门就不得不回家。
56. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段的But you came into this home without anything and you can leave the same
way.可知作者妈妈让他离家出走时什么都不能带。C. leave everything behind（留下所有东西）符合以上说
法，故选C项。
57. 词义猜测题。根据画线部分后面的I tore my clothes off — shoes, socks, underwear and all — and shouted,
“Can I go now?”可知，作者怒气冲冲地脱下所有东西，然后大喊到“现在我能走了吗？”，这是生气的表现，故推测画线词的意思是“使……生气”。故选D项。
58. 推理判断题。根据文章第十段的 I noticed down the street two neighbor girls walking toward our house. I
was so shy that I saw the big spruce (云杉) tree in our yard and jumped under the low-hanging branches (树枝).可
知，脱光了的作者看到有人走过来，感到很害羞，所以跳到低垂的树枝下，故推测他跳到树枝下的目的
是避免被别人看见。A. To avoid being seen.（避免被看见）符合以上推测，故选A项。
59. 推理判断题。根据最后两段中的“Did you change your mind about running away?” she asked. “What’s for
supper?” I smiled back.可知，当作者妈妈问他是否改变离家出走的想法时，他的回答是“晚饭吃什么”，
故推测作者已经决定不离家出走了。A. changed his plan to leave home（改变他离家出走的计划）符合以上
推测，故选A项。
